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匆匆概括段落大意

优美段落2018-08-31 03:42书业网

篇一:概括段落大意

第一篇:The Making of a Success Story

1 IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer, and man behind it is Ingvar Kamprad, one of the world's most successful entrepreneurs . Born in Sweden in 1926 , Kamprad was a natural businessman. As a child , he enjoyed selling things and made small profits from selling matches ,seeds ,and pencils in his community .When Kamprad was 17, his father gave him some money as a reward for his good grades .Naturally he used it to start up a business-IKEA.

2IKEA's name comes from Kamprad's initials (I.K.)and the place where he grew up (`E` and `A`). Today IKEA is known for its modern , minimalist furniture , but it was not a furniture company in the beginning .Rather, IKEA sold all kind of miscellaneous goods ,Kamprad's ware included anything that he could sell for profits at discounted prices ,including watches ,pens and stockings .

3 IKEA first began to sell furniture through a mail-order catalogue in 1947. The furniture was all designed and made by manufacturers near Kamprad's home. Initial sales were very encouraging , so Kamprad expanded the product line . Furniture was such a successful aspect of the business that IKEA became solely a furniture company in 1951.

4 In 1953 IKEA opend its first showroom in Almhult ,Sweden. IKEA is known today for its spacious stores with furniture in attractive settings ,but in the early 1950s ,people ordered from catalogues ,Thus response to the first showroom was overwhelming:people loved being able to see and try the furniture before buying it . This led to increased sales and the company continued to thrive .By 1955, IKEA was designing all its own furniture . 5 In 1956 Kamprad saw a man disassembling a table to make it easier to transport . Kamprad was inspired .The man had given him a great idea :flat packaging . Flat packaging would mean lower shipping costs for IKEA and lower prices for customers .IKEA tried it and sales soared . The problem was that people had to assemble furniture themselves ,but over time ,evem this grew into an advantage for IKEA . Nowadays ,IKEA is often seen as having connotations of self-sufficiency .This image has done wonders for the company ,leading to better sales and continued expansion.

6 Today there are over 200 stores in 32 countries .Amazingly ,Ingvar Kamprad has managed to keep IKEA a privately-help company .In 2004 he was named the world's richest man , He currently lives in Switzerland and is retied from the day-to-day operations of IKEA. IKEA itself , though ,just keeps on growing.

1. Paragraph 2 ____.

2. Paragraph 3 ____.

3. Paragraph 4 ____.

4. Paragraph 5 ____.

A. Ingvar Kamprad – a born businessman

B. Success brought by the introduction of showrooms

C. The origin of IKEA

D. Specialization in selling furniture

E. Flat packaging – a feature of IKEA

F. World-wide expansion of IKEA

5. Even when he was only a child, ____.

6. ____, and years later became a big company specialized in manufacturing and selling of furniture.

7. Customers liked the idea of IKEA‘s showrooms because ____.

8. As flat packaging saves money for both IKEA and the customers, ____.

A. IKEA began as a small store selling all kinds of cheap things.

B. it is highly welcomed by both

C. Ingvar Kamprad showed interest in and talent for doing business.

D. he lives happily in retirement

E. here they can see and try the furniture they are going to buy.

F. Ingvar successfully manages the company all by himself

第二篇:The Paper Chase

1. "Running a house is lot like running a business." says Stephanie Denton, a professional organizer based in Cincinnati, Ohio, who specializes in both residential and commercial paperwork and record keeping. To get a successful grip on organizing documents, bills, and other materials, Denton suggests the following tips:

2. Create a space in which you can always do your paperwork. This is perhaps the most important element of a successful system. If you can't devote an entire desk to the task, at least invest in a rolling file cart to store active paperwork and a two-drawer file cabinet for family records. Store the rolling file cart wherever it is most convenient and comfortable to do your work. whether that is the kitchen, office, or family room.

3. When in doubt, throw it out, the first step to implementing a workable filling system is to eliminate paper you don't use, don't need, or that you could easily access again elsewhere. Throw out duplicate statements, old catalogs, and all of the coupons, mailings, or offerings you'll never have an opportunity to use or even read.

4. Set aside two days a month to pay bills, if a monthly due date doesn't fit into your cycle, call up the creditor and suggest a more convenient date, keep two manila folders at the front of your system for current bills — one to correspond with each bill-paying day — and file all incoming bills. Keep a list in the front of each folder of what needs to be paid in case the invoice never arrives or gets misplaces.

5. Think of your filling system not as a rigid tool, but as a living, breathing system that can accommodate your changing needs. A good filling system is both mentally and physically flexible, everyone's needs are different, says Denton, but when devising a filling system, ask yourself: "Where would I look for this?" Create main headings for your filling system, such as investments, Taxes, Children, and so forth, and file individual folders under the main headings. Never overstuff your files.

练习:

1. Paragraph 2 __________

2. Paragraph 3 __________

3. Paragraph 4 __________

4. Paragraph 5 __________

5. Stephanie Denton is expert ____________________.

6. You can put your file cart anywhere you like, on condition ____________________.

7. Coupons should be thrown away because ____________________.

8. "Mentally flexible" indicates the fact ____________________.

1. There is no denying that English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.

2. A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the community share common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in a neighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.

3. We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience, we may classify the speakers into two groups : one in which the speakers use English as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.

4. English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language. English has been adopted as the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. Moreover, English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.

5. Learning second language extends one’s vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture; a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage.

练习:

1.Paragraph 2 ___________

2.Paragraph 3 ___________

3.Paragraph 4 ___________

4.Paragraph 5 ___________

A. The Wide Use of English

B. Historical Account of English and Its Community

C. The Advantages of Learning a Second Language

D. The Composition of the English Community

E. The Threat That English Poses to Other Languages

F. The Definition of a Speech Community

5.Only through the shared language_______.

6. The idea of the national boundaries is often different from_______.

7. Speakers are classified into two groups_______.

8. An understanding of English_______.

A. that of a speech community

B. can a speech community be formed

C. in order to learn English better

D. for the sake of simplicity

E. has played an important role in the field of education

F. is widely used in several areas of public activity

第四篇:Alaska

In 1858 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state, symbolizing a change of attitude that hold in 1867, when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then, most Americans had little interest in 1,500,000 square kilometers “of icebergs and polar bear”-beyond Canada s western borders, far from the settled areas of the United States.

In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bear. Ice buried in the earth, which is permanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters, From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down.

Alaska is America s largest state, but only about 325,000 people live there. According to estimates, 800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640,000 hectares are being cultivated.

Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia, probably crossing Bering Strait, named for Vitus Bering, the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741. The Eskimos are the state s earliest known inhabitants. Russian fur traders established settlements but, by the time Alaska was sold to the United States, most of the traders had departed.

In 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousand of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike; some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the U.S mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant villages.

The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature, the gold from

Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaska waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $ 90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing, the state s chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years, Alaska s single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals.

1. Paragraph 3________

2. Paragraph 4_________

3. Paragraph 5_________

4. Paragraph 6_________

A) Rich resources of the state

B) Connections with the outside world

C) Transportation problem

D) The natives of the land

E) Cold climate

F) Land and population

5. For as long as three months of a year, the sun ________ on the ice-covered land of Alaska.

6. According to statistics, _________ of the total area of Alaska has been used for farming.

7. Alaska was originally part of Russia, but was bought _______.

8. Gold did not bring to Alaska as much wealth__________

A. as fish does

B. because of its rich natural resources

C. by the United States in the 19th century

D. shines day and night

E. only a very small percentage

F. a limited amount of the gold found there.

KEY:FDCADECA

第五篇US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty

1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.

2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly,including the United States,last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.

3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.

4 The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that

篇二:概括段落大意

师,我写的过渡句不是很机械化,就是起不到承上启下的作用

答:同学,你好!写文章时,总要由这层意思向另一层意思转换,由这个内容向另外一个内容发展,这中间往往要用一些词、句去串联,这就是过渡。过渡就像一座桥,衔接层与层、段与段之间的意思。过渡得好,写出的文章就会给人前后连贯、结构严谨的感觉;过渡得不好,读者就会觉得文章生硬、别扭。那么,怎样才能够作好文章的过渡呢?

一、承上启下过渡 这是在议论或记叙之后,用一句或几句话既对上文作归纳,又对下文作启引。如《赵州桥》一课,在第三自然段的开头写道:“赵州桥不但坚固,而且美观。”这句话的前半句承接了上文,概括了第二自然段的主要内容,后半句则是下面要讲的内容了。有些时候,在记叙之后,不需再承上作归纳小结,而是直接用一句或几句话引出下文。如《富饶的西沙群岛》一课,在写西沙群岛的海鸟时,就用“西沙群岛也是鸟的天下”这一句作为启下的过渡。

二、转折式过渡 这是在议论或记叙某一内容之后,突然将笔锋一转,转到另一个话题,引起下文。如《太阳》一课,课文首先介绍了有关太阳的知识,到了第四自然段,用“太阳虽然离我们很远很远,但是它和我们的关系非常密切”一句话作了转折,接下来当然是写太阳和我们的关系密切了。

三、自然过渡 这种过渡不用过渡词、过渡句或过渡段,只是用一句话来表明观察角度的移动。如《参观人民大会堂》一课,当作者参观完了中央大厅、大礼堂之后,用“从大礼堂出来,我们又上楼去参观北面的宴会厅”一句话,自然地把读者从一个场景带到另一个场景。

四、用时间词过渡 在叙述一件或几件事时,常常按时间顺序叙述,这时常用一些表示时间的词进行过渡。如《飞夺泸定桥》一课,第三自然段开头一句是:“时间只剩下20多个小时了。”这句话不但交待了时间的过渡,也加强了内容的紧迫感,让人读了觉得文理清楚。再如《美丽的小兴安岭》一课,作者在描写小兴安岭的美丽景色和丰富物产时,用春、夏、秋、冬的季节变换顺序来作自然过渡,使文章显得层次清楚,有条理。

当然,过渡的方法还有很多,我们要根据文章层次、段落之间的内在联系来确定。只有 掌握了过渡的技巧, 写出的文章才能层次分明,通顺连贯。

练习归纳段落大意

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主讲:童光军

知识精讲

一、知识点概述

同学们,上一节课我们学习了“怎样读懂一段话”,这节课我们重点“练习归纳

段落大意”。这里所说的段落大意,和上一讲所讲的概括小段的段意既有联系,又有区别。上一讲所说的“段”是指自然段,这一讲的“段”指的是我们阅读理解后给文章划分的段落,也有的称为意义段。因此,要归纳段落大意,首先要给文章划分段落,再进一步归纳段落的大意。

二、重难点知识归纳与讲解

(一)划分段落。

为了更好地把握文章的内容和中心思想,了解作者的思路以及文中各个自然段的内在联系,更好地读懂全文,我们在阅读文章时,常常需要顺着作者的思路,给文章划分段落。常见的划分段落的方法有:按事情的发展顺序分段、按时间的推移分段、按空间位置的转移分段、按不同内容分段、按文章的写法分段等。一般来说,正确地给文章分段的方法有以下几种:

1、按照事情的发展顺序分段。

记叙文常常是按照事情的发生、发展和结果记叙的,因此,就可以按事情的发展顺序分段。例如《飞夺泸定桥》这篇课文,先写泸定桥是红军北上的必经之路;然后写红军与敌人抢时间,赶在敌人援军之前到泸定桥;接着写红军夺下泸定桥;最后写红军通过泸定桥,继续北上抗日。课文围绕飞夺泸定桥这件事,按照事情的发展顺序记叙,因而可以把文章分为上面这么四大段。

2、按照时间的推移划分。

写人叙事的记叙文,凡按时间顺序写的,都有表示时间的短语。例如《我的战友邱少云》这篇课文,按照事情的发展顺序可将全文分成四段。但从时间这条线索,也比较好划分。文章开头一段交代了这次战斗的目的;接着写天还没亮的情景;然后写中午发生的情况;最后写黄昏时候,我军把敌人全部歼灭的情况。因此,按时间的推移,可以把文章分为四段。文中有明显的表示时间的词语(或短语)可以帮助我们划分段落。这些表示时间的词语(或短语)是:“天还没亮”“中午的时候”“黄昏时候”。

还有许多写景的文章也是按时间的推移描述的。如《观潮》一课先写钱塘江大潮是“天下奇观”,然后按照“潮来之前、潮来之时、潮过之后”的顺序描写钱塘江大潮的壮观景象。按照时间的推移全文可分为四段。又如《第一场雪》这篇课文,先写下雪前天气的变化;再描写下雪时的景色;然后写雪后的景象;最后写作者的联想。可以按照“下雪前——下雪中

——下雪后——联想”这样的顺序把课文分为四段。再比如《美丽的小兴安岭》这篇课文是按“春、夏、秋、冬”四季的顺序来写的,因此,也可按时间的推移划分段落。

3、按空间的位置的变化分段。

这种按照空间位置的变化划

分的方法适合于地点、场景变化为线索的游记、参观访问记等文章。如《长城》这篇课文,先写远看长城的样子,接着写近看长城的构造,又写站在长城上看到长城样子及作者的联想,最后是作者对长城的赞美。按照观察点的不同可以把文章分为四段。又如《记金华的双龙洞》这篇课文是按游览顺序写的,第1自然段交代了游洞的时间和目的,然后按照“路上——外洞——孔隙——内洞——出洞”的顺序来记叙游双龙洞的所见所闻。因此,按地点位置的变化可将本文分作六大段。

4、按内容不同分段。

这种按内容来分段的方法适合于通过几件事来写一个人或说明一个问题的文章。例如《将相和》这篇课文,通过“完璧归赵”“渑池相会”“负荆请罪”三个小故事的记叙,赞扬了廉颇和蔺相如的美好品质。文章可按三个小故事划分段落。又如《海滨小城》这篇课文,全文共6个自然段。第1自然段写大海的景色;第2自然段写海边早晨的景象;第3自然段写沙滩上的贝壳和捕鱼船队的归来。这3个自然段从三方面描写了海滨的美丽景色,因此,归为一段。第4自然段写小城庭院的树多,第5自然段写小城的公园美,第6自然段写小城的街道美。这3个自然段从三方面描写小城的美丽景色,因此,也归为一段。按照不同的内容分段,这篇课文可分为两段。

5、按文章特定的结构分段。

有的文章的结构很清楚。如用“总分”结构写的一般可分为三段或两段。例如《桂林山水》这篇课文采用的是“总——分——总”的写法:第1自然段是全文的总起,写了观赏桂林山水的原因——“桂林山水甲天下”;第2、3自然段分别描写了漓江的水和桂林的山;第4自然段总起来描写桂林的山水。因此,按总——分——总的方法可将全文分为三段。又如《伟大的友谊》这篇课文也是采用的“总——分——总”的写法:课文先写马克思和恩格斯的友谊是建立在共产主义事业之上的,然后分别讲恩格斯生活上无微不至地帮助马克思,马克思和恩格斯在共产主义事业上亲密合作,最后总结全文,讲马克思和恩格斯之间的友谊是伟大的。因此,按照写法可以分为四段:开头总起为一段,中间的分写为第二、三段,最后的总结部分为第四段。

还有的文章是以回忆式、倒叙式结构写的,例如《灯光》,一般可分为三段或两段;还有的如作者已经在写文章时分好了段落,用一、二、三??表示,比如《小英雄雨来》这篇课文;还有的用小标题表示,或者空行表示,比如《夜莺的歌声》,这类文章实际上已经分好段落。

以上所讲的分段方法不可生搬硬套,

要结合课文,灵活运用。有时同一篇文章可用不同的方法分段。例如《我的战友邱少云》这篇课文,既可以按事情的发展顺序分段,又可以按时间的推移分段。又如《十六年前的回忆》这篇课文,可以按事情的发展顺序(被捕前——被捕——法庭上——被害以后)给课文分段,也可以按时间的推移(那年春天——可怕的一天——十几天过去了——28日黄昏)给课文分段。

划分段落时还要注意如下事项:

一是有些文章自然段不多,或四、五段,或七、八段,自然段很整齐,这样的文章我们可采取将各个自然段的内容先罗列出来,然后把相同内容的自然段合并的方法来分段。

例如《太阳》一课,全文共有8个自然段:

第1自然段讲太阳离我们很远。

第2自然段讲太阳很大。

第3自然段讲太阳会发光、发热、温度非常高。

第4自然段讲太阳和动植物、人类生活的密切关系。

第5、6自然段讲太阳和气象的关系。

第7自然段讲太阳和防治疾病的关系。

第8自然段总说太阳和人类的关系。

通过分析各自然段的段意,发现1至3自然段,每个自然段都讲了太阳一个方面的知识,因此,可以合并为一段。段意:太阳离我们很远,它很大、很热。4至8自然段都从不同的角度讲了太阳和我们人类的关系,因此,也合并为一段,段意取第4自然段承上启下句的后半句:太阳和我们的关系非常密切。

二是有些文章,自然段多而碎,不可能用上述方法分段,我们可以用找出作者思路的方法,或按事情的发展顺序分段。

例如《苦柚》一课就属于这种情况,无法用“内容合并法”分段。通过读全文我们发现作者是按“思柚——买柚——启示”这样的顺序记叙故事的。因此,按作者的行文思路去分段,本文可以分为三段。

三是有些文章中心事件非常突出,从哪里开始到哪里截止写了一件完整的事,我们可以

采取提取中心段的方法,先将中心段提出,然后再将中心段前后分段。

例如《一夜的工作》这篇课文,从题目可以看出这篇课文的中心事件是写周总理一夜的工作情况的。我们先找出记叙周总理一夜工作情况的段落(第2至6自然段),然后再分析其余的段落。第1自然段写作者送稿子给周总理审阅,第7、8自然段写作者在回来路上的感受和激动的心情。因此,本文可以分为三段。

四是在分段时,注意开头句和结尾句,过渡段和过渡句,这些对分段有一定的作用。

例如《伟大的友谊》这篇课文的第4自然段:“在生活上,恩格斯热忱地帮助马克思,更重要的是在

共产主义事业上,他们互相关怀,互相帮助,亲密地合作。”这是一个过渡段,在全文起承上启下作用,从上面的生活关心,引出下面事业上的合作。因此,根据这个过渡句我们可以给文章划分段落。过渡句承上部分所写的内容可划分为一段即:“在生活上恩格斯热忱帮助马克思。”启下部分所写的内容划分为一段即:“在共产主义事业上,他们互相关心,互相帮助,亲密地合作。”过渡段一般与启下部分的段落为一段。这样一划分就剩下了开头一个自然段和结尾一个自然段,这两个自然段各成一段,很明显,这篇课文可分为四段。

又如《古井》这篇课文的结尾句:“多好的古井啊,它不仅为乡亲们提供生命的泉水,还陶冶着乡亲们的品格,使他们懂得应该怎样做人。”这个结尾句是对全文内容的概括,从结尾句我们知道全文写了两方面的内容,一是古井为乡亲们提供生命的泉水(第2自然段);二是古井陶冶着乡亲们的品格(第3至5自然段)。剩下的文章首尾两处自然段可以各成一段,很明显这篇课文分为四段。

(二)概括段落大意。

正确地概括段落大意,有助于我们掌握文章的主要内容和深入理解文章的中心思想。只有真正读懂文章,才能用简练的语言概括出段落大意,下面我们来介绍几种概括段意的具体方法。

1、摘句归纳法。

就是从段落中摘录能反映全段主要内容的现成句子作为段意。这些句子,一般可以从总分结构的段落、有明显中心句的段落和段内有过渡句的段落中选出。

例如《卢沟桥的狮子》一文的第二大段:

这些狮子真有意思。它们有大有小。大的有几十厘米,小的只有几厘米,甚至连鼻子眼睛都看不清。它们的形状各不相同,有的蹲坐在石柱上,好像朝着远方长吼;有的低着头,好像专心听桥下的流水声;有的小狮子偎依在母狮子的怀里,好像正在熟睡;有的小狮子藏

篇三:概括段落大意

怎样概括段落大意

运用准确的语言概括段落的内容,是一种重要的能力。提高这种能力,重要的是多读多练增强语感,并辅之于行之有效的方法,便可收到事半功倍的效果。

一、抓“段眼”。段眼就是一段文字的中心句,或能涵盖大意的一句话。段眼作为一段的中心句,该段中其他句子的表达都围绕此句展开,因此找准中心句有助于培养概括能力,也便于概括段落的内容,或直接用中心句,或对中心句稍加整理即可。就结构而言,中心句一般用在段首,个别的用在段中,少数的到段尾才抖搂。如《苏州园林》的第8段:“苏州园林里的门和窗,图案设计和雕镂琢磨工夫都是工艺美术的上品。大致说来,那些门和窗尽量工细而决不庸俗,即使简朴而别具匠心。四扇,八扇,十二扇,综合起来看,谁都要赞叹这是高度的图案美。摄影家挺喜欢这些门和窗,他们斟酌着光和影,摄成称心满意的照片。”概括这段文字的内容,只要抓住首句这个中心句就可以了。 二、抓占中心位置的人、事、物、情、理。有的段落没有中心句,但往往有占中心地位的人、事、物、情、理,整个段落都是紧紧围绕这些来写的,抓住他们,概括段落内容就较容易了。如:“他就捡起一柄塑像用的木质小刀来。小刀在柔软的泥土上轻轻拂过,使像的肌肉产生一种细腻的光泽。老人的手指活泼起来,眼睛里放着光芒。‘还有这里??这里??’他又修改了几处地方,再退一步,细细观察。又把架子转过背来,喉咙里喃喃地发出奇怪的声音。有时他欣然微笑,有时他眉头紧皱,有时捏一点泥,加到像身上去,又轻轻抓掉一些。”这段文字中占中心位置的是“他”,全段都是围绕“他”写的。对这样写人的段落可按“谁+怎样+干什么”来概括。该段可概括为“他聚精会神地塑像”。

三、抓上下文联系。一篇文章是一个有机的整体,组成一篇文章的段落是密切相关的。有些段落是对下文的领起,有些段落是对上文的小结。在概括上有领起段或下有总结段的段落时,可联系上下文借助这些领起段或概括作用的段落来概括。如《北京立交桥》的15段回忆了未建立交桥时的交通状况,举出了久困车上、憋不住尿、民警轮下殉职的例子。第16段对上段做了形象地总结:“这种路口堵塞现象,人们给起了个生动的名字:‘动脉栓塞’”。据此可将15段文字的意思概括为:北京未建立交桥时路口的堵塞现象非常严重。

四、归纳。有些段落运用列举的方法,把一些有某一共同点的人或事物写在

一段内。概括这类段落内容可通过归纳,概括出所写人或事物的共同点,也就概括出段落内容了。如《生于忧患,死于安乐》的第一段:“舜发于畎亩之中,傅说举于版筑之间,胶鬲举于鱼盐之中,管夷吾举于士,孙书敖举于海,百里奚举于市。”本段写了6个人物,他们的共同点是从卑微经过艰苦磨练而达显贵。所以段意可概括为:人要成大器,必须经受艰苦磨练。 概括段落大意是理解掌握课文内容的重要手段,也是总结中心思想的前提。这里,向大家介绍几种常见方法:

一、综合法。就是围绕文章的中心进行概括。如《给颜黎民的信》中第一大段讲了三层意思:第一层讲只看一个人的著作是不大好的;第二层讲只看文学书,也不好;第三层讲像世界旅行记和纪录电影都可以看。这样综合三层的意思,段意可以概括为:鲁迅先生告诉颜黎民应该怎样读书。

二、摘引法。就是摘用课文中的重点词语或重点句(总起句、总结句、中心句)来概括。

三、取主法。就是第一段中有几层意思,取重要的一层作为段落大意。如《我的伯父鲁迅先生》第一段有三层意思:第一层写鲁迅先生在世的时候,“我”对

伯父鲁迅先生的认识;第二层写鲁迅先生逝世后,人民群众沉痛悼念的感人场面;第三层写“我”对鲁迅先生的深切怀念。联系全文我们可以确定第二层的意思是主要的,段意概括为:鲁迅先生逝世后,人民群众深切怀念他。

四、标题法。就是用加小标题的方法进行概括。如《将相和》可把“完璧归赵”、“渑池相会”、“负荆请罪”这几个小标题概括为段意。

五、合并法。就是把一段的几层意思合并起来进行概括。如《桂林山水》的第二段第一句用“大海”、“西湖”相比,突出漓江的“水”;接着分别写漓江水的特点:静、清、绿;最后一句进一步强调漓江水“静”的特点。这样就可合并成:写漓江水的静、清、绿。

学会概括段落大意,有助于了解段与段之间的关系,抓住文章的主要内容,还可以理解作者的写作目的和写作方法。这对我们提高读、写能力会有很大的帮助。 我们可以视不同情况采用以下方法概括段意:

一、中心句概括法

有的段落开头有总起句,有的末尾有总结句,有的段落中间有承上启下

的过渡句,我们把它们称作“中心句”。可以直接用它们作为段意。但有的还需要稍改一下。这些句子大家已屡见不鲜,不必赘述了。二、取主舍次法

这种方法是从一段的几层意思中,选取其中的主要意思来概括段意,而舍去次要的内容。如《小英雄雨来》这篇课文的第三大段,讲了这样几件事:雨来的爸爸和妈妈都为打鬼子的事出门去了,雨来在炕上念书;雨来掩护交通员李大叔;雨来被鬼子抓住了。这里最主要的事是件是寸来掩护交通员,所以可用这一点作为这一段的段落大意,其余的就可以略去了。三、层意相加法

如果一段中的几层意思是并列的,分不清主次,就必须把并列的几层意思相加起来作为段意。就是我们所说的加一加。

大家听得头皮发麻了吧,没关系,多读、多练,你一定会轻而易举地概 老师 如何准确的概括文章中心和段落大意呢?

答:概括文章中心:

一篇文章写了什么,是文章的主要内容,作者为什么要写这篇文章,作者的写作目的,就是文章的中心思想。只有正确地理解和概括出中心思想,才真正地读懂了一篇文章。概括文章的中心思想,不仅可以提高阅读能力,而且可以提高思维能力,煅炼语言概括能力。那么,怎样归纳文章的中心思想呢?

首先,对一篇文章一定要逐字逐句地认真阅读,一边读,一边想,弄清楚全文写了什么,抓住文章的主要内容,分析作者的写作意图。其次,在了解文章主要内容的基础上,再根据不同的文章进行具体分析,运用不同的方法,掌握作者为什么要写这篇文章的原因,从而用概括的语言归纳出中心思想。

归纳中心思想主要有三点要求:

1. 确切。即能准确、恰当地找出文章所反映的思想感情。

2. 完整。即用恰如其分的句子把作者在文章中所反映的主要思想感情不遗漏地表达出来。

3. 简洁。即在确切、完整的前提下,用最简明扼要的文字来表达。 归纳文章中心思想的方法主要有以下几种:

1. 审题概括法。

有些记叙文的题目,标题就十分明确地揭示了文章的中心思想。如《我爱故乡的杨梅》、《伟大的友谊》标题点明了中心。我们可以考虑用扩句的方法,在题目的基础上,加上适当的词语,扩展成意思完整的句子,就是文章的中心思想。当然,用这种方法概括中心思想,还要先认真阅读文章的主要内容,然后再仔细考虑题目与中心思想的内在联系。

2. 摘句法。在阅读和分析文章时,找出文章中心句,对概括中心有很大的帮助。

有的文章在开头和结尾点明中心思想。如《桂林山水》一课,开头就点明了“桂林山水甲天下”这一中心。《一夜的工作》一文结尾一句“他是多么劳苦,多么简朴!”点明了中心思想。有的中心句在文章的中间,有的中心句在文章中反复出现几次。

从表达方法上看,记叙文的中心句又往往在文章的抒情或议论部分。如《少年闰土》一课,“啊!闰土的心里有无穷无尽的希奇事,都是我往常的朋友所不知道的。他们不知道一些事,闰土在海边时,他们都和我一样只看见高墙上的四角天空。”这段议论的句子含蓄地点出了文章的中心思想。

当然,找到了中心句后,我们还必须仔细分析。它是否完整地概括了中心思想。一般情况下,我们还需要对中心句进行适当地加工、修改,才能准确、完整地概括出文章的中心思想。

3. 主要内容概括法。

有的文章中心思想往往不是一目了然的。一般记事的记叙文,是在叙述事件的发展过程中反映文章的中心思想的。写人的记叙文是通过主要人物在事件发展过程中的言行来反映文章的中心思想的。这就要求我们首先要认真阅读文章,在阅读的基础上,正确理解和掌握文章的主要内容,然后再进一步推敲,领会作者的写作意图,用自己的语言概括出文章的中心思想。如《卖火柴的小女孩》一文,讲了一个卖火柴的小女孩在大半夜冻死在街头的故事,通篇写了小女孩悲惨的遭遇。同学们读后会产生对小女孩深切的同情,在这基础上,理解到作者写作的目的是为了揭露资本主义社会的罪恶,中心思想也就十分明确了。

(一)划分段落。

为了更好地把握文章的内容和中心思想,了解作者的思路以及文中各个自然段的内在联系,更好地读懂全文,我们在阅读文章时,常常需要顺着作者的思路,给文章划分段落。常见的划分段落的方法有:按事情的发展顺序分段、按时间的推移分段、按空间位置的转移分段、按不同内容分段、按文章的写法分段等。一般来说,正确地给文章分段的方法有以下几种:

1、按照事情的发展顺序分段。

记叙文常常是按照事情的发生、发展和结果记叙的,因此,就可以按事情的发展顺序分段。例如《飞夺泸定桥》这篇课文,先写泸定桥是红军北上的必经之路;然后写红军与敌人抢时间,赶在敌人援军之前到泸定桥;接着写红军夺下泸定桥;最后写红军通过泸定桥,继续北上抗日。课文围绕飞夺泸定桥这件事,按照事情的发展顺序记叙,因而可以把文章分为上面这么四大段。

2、按照时间的推移划分。

写人叙事的记叙文,凡按时间顺序写的,都有表示时间的短语。例如《我的战友邱少云》这篇课文,按照事情的发展顺序可将全文分成四段。但从时间这条线索,也比较好划分。文章开头一段交代了这次战斗的目的;接着写天还没亮的情景;然后写中午发生的情况;最后写黄昏时候,我军把敌人全部歼灭的情况。因此,按时间的推移,可以把文章分为四段。文中有明显的表示时间的词语(或短语)可以帮助我们划分段落。这些表示时间的词语(或短语)是:“天还没亮”“中午的时候”“黄昏时候”。

还有许多写景的文章也是按时间的推移描述的。如《观潮》一课先写钱塘江大潮是“天下奇观”,然后按照“潮来之前、潮来之时、潮过之后”的顺序描写钱塘江大潮的壮观景象。按照时间的推移全文可分为四段。又如《第一场雪》这篇课文,先写下雪前天气的变化;再描写下雪时的景色;然后写雪后的景象;最后写作者的联想。可以按照“下雪前——下雪中——下雪后——联想”这样的顺序把课文分为四段。再比如《美丽的小兴安岭》这篇课文是按“春、夏、秋、冬”四季的顺序来写的,因此,也可按时间的推移划分段落。

3、按空间的位置的变化分段。

这种按照空间位置的变化划分的方法适合于地点、场景变化为线索的游记、参观访问记等文章。如《长城》这篇课文,先写远看长城的样子,接着写近看长

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