署期预科班评语
篇一：【3】2013-2014学年建筑工程学院奖学金候选人班级推荐意见书
2013-2014学年新疆大学雪莲奖学金候选人班级推荐意见书
篇二：“多元智能理论”下的民族预科生语文成绩评价体系初探
贾敏宋涛高凤杰
（黑龙江民族职业学院预科部，黑龙江哈尔滨150066）
[摘要]民族预科教育评价是少数民族教育改革中最重要的环节。民族预科生语文成绩评价既要适应新时期对人才培养的要求，也要发挥语文学科的工具性、人文性、民族性的特点，依据“多元智能理论”探索多元评价标准，从考试内容、评价形式、评价方法等方面加以探索，建立评价分析与反馈机制，构建科学高效的预科语文学习主体的评价体系。
[关键词]民族预科；语文学习主体成绩；评价体系；探索
中图分类号：H191文献标识码：A文章编号：1672-8610（2013）3-0119-02
民族预科教育是我国高等教育的一个特殊层次，是我国高等教育的一个有机组成部分，它既不完全是中学阶段的基础教育，也不简单等同于大学阶段的专业教育，而是大学本科教育前的预备、过渡阶段，通过“预”、“补”结合，实现其“桥梁作用”和“服务功能”的特殊教育。民族预科教育针对高等院校本科专业学习需要，培养民族预科生掌握较为扎实的本科专业学习所需的文化基础知识，并有一定的自主学习能力，分析问题、解决问题的能力，且个人综合素质较高，能够适应本科阶段的各专业学习，并在德、智、体、美、劳等方面全面发展的少数民族大学生。我院民族预科教育从1988年开始招生到现在无论在教学手段、教学环境还是教学方法等方面都有一定的改善，取得了一定成绩，但对预科学生的成绩评价问题还延续传统模式。新时期对人才的培养提出了更高的要求，同样，民族预科教育改革也亟待建立新的评价体系，为培养其较高的综合素养，为其终身发展奠定基础并提供保障。
一、我院民族预科教育的现状分析
我院是黑龙江省惟一一所全日制少数民族高等专科院校，承担着本省17所本科院校预科学生的培养教育任务，自1988年开始招收省属大学少数民族预科生至今已经为本科院校培养并输送了3000多名少数民族大学本科生，从2011年起招生范围由本省十个世居少数民族扩大为省内（共计53个，55个少数民族中除门巴族、拉祜族外）所有的少数民族，黑龙江省的民族预科教育得到了空前的大发展。2012年5月8日黑龙江省（大学）民族预科教育基地落户黑龙江民族职业学院。2012年秋季我院承担了41名来自西部地区的少数民族预科生的培养工作。二十五年间，我院的民族预科教育从小规模只招收省属大学少数民族预科生到如今面向西部少数民族地区，同时，在教育教学中从单纯的高中课程补习到现在课堂教学定位、教学指导模式、教学课程目标的科学建立，设置以“突出主干课，加强基础课，兼顾综合能力课”的教学课程目标，全力打造具有自己特点的民族预科教育教学风格，旨在打造结合我省特点的民族预科教育教学风格，走上不断探索、不断发展、不断创新之路。
二、民族预科语文学习主体成绩评价的现状分析
预科语文课程是民族预科生学习期间的主科之一，发挥着自身工具学科作用，并担负培养学生人文素养和民族文化传承的重要功能。根据文、理不同专业分别确定为周6学时和周4学时。主要内容为古今中外文学鉴赏和应用文写作。现阶段语文课程的成绩评价采取平时成绩与期末笔试各占一定比例的评价原则。平时成绩包括出勤、课前演讲、课后作业；期末笔试成绩主要考查学期内教材选讲的范围内容。长期以来，这种成绩评价未能给学生带来积极性，评价标准导致学生“平时不愿学、考前开始背、考完全忘记”。我院少数民族预科生是通过高考按照民族成分，降低一定的分数段录取，在我院学习一年，经考试成绩合格结业，升入在入学时就已经确定的各个高校各个专业学习，不存在像其他省份的预科生经过一年学习，根据考核成绩选择专业的问题，这一点与国内其他一些少数民族院校有所不同。所以，如何把握本省少数民族预科生的学习成绩，以此形成良性机制，激励学生努力学习，增长后劲，只有这样才是科学合理的成绩评价思路。我们知道，所谓评价，实际上就是一种价值判断，需要通过一定的既定标准来测量与评估，从而判断出事物的高低、好坏、优劣及有价值和无价值。成绩评价，不仅在于检查师生教与学的情况，更在于诊断与促进发展。现阶段我院预科
生语文成绩评价存在的问题：
（一）目的不够明确
我们知道，考试的目的一方面检验教师教学效果，另一方面是检验学生学习结果。如果对学习主体的成绩评价目的不明确，势必影响师生教与学的积极性。现在预科生语文成绩评价主要是笔试的形式，其成绩评价仅仅是为了取得成绩升入大学。“考试目的的功利化突出表现在对分数价值的判断上，过分夸大分数价值的功能，以卷内成绩为主，尤其将学生成绩与奖学金、各种荣誉联系在一起，更加剧了学生的功利化取向。”预科学生的成绩不仅仅是为了取得成绩顺利升学，没有真正发挥成绩评价应有的作用，没有教会学生“学以致用”，没有引导学生用理论指导实践，这样的成绩评价势必与素质教育的要求相左，与新时期人才培养目标背道而驰。
（二）内容不够优化
语文是一门工具学科，讲求听、说、读、写各方面能力的综合发展，而预科生语文成绩的取得以课本内容为主，很少涉及外延的知识、难以体现语文学习的综合能力水平，导致学生不会自主学习，不具有探索、实践等能力，也谈不上民族传统文化的传承，内容考核停留在传统的测评状态。试想，如果继续采用这种成绩评价的结果就是培养注重分数，忽视能力的预科生，不能教会其自主学习，也不能对其情感态度与价值观进行关注，很难适应新时期对人才培养的要求。
（三）形式不够多样
预科学生语文成绩以笔试为主，多限于教材内容；偏重于书本知识的掌握；其次是平时成绩，只占小幅比例，平时成绩评价主要是依据出勤及作业完成情况。平时成绩包括出勤和作业，只要出勤并交上作业，就基本能得到这部分成绩。其实，这项成绩根本没有含金量可言，也调动不了学习语文的积极性，学生往往应付了事，上课溜号，作业抄袭。而笔试成绩往往是平时不学，考前突击，可以想见这样的成绩评价怎能激发学生语文学习的热情。这种单一形式的评价，根本不能全面评价语文听、说、读、写各种能力，导致学生学习兴趣不够，其自身潜在能力也得不到发挥。
（四）标准不够科学
预科教育是通向大学的桥梁。完全按照大学或高中的模式评价，都不能客观的评价预科学生的语文成绩，对于来自不同地区、不同民族、采用不同的分数段录取的预科生，特殊的生源本身要求以书本知识为主的终结性评价标准既不够科学，也缺乏对学生的探索能力、实践能力的激励。采用“一刀切”的终结性评价，忽视学生的能力差异，不是从鼓励、欣赏的角度出发，没有通过多元评价激发学生潜在的各种能力，这样的评价有失全面与公正。
三、构建民族预科语文学习主体成绩评价体系的对策（思路）
《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》（2010~2020）（以下简称《规划纲要》）是未来我国教育改革发展的重要指导性、纲领性文献。《规划纲要》明确指出：“把教育摆在优先发展的战略地位；把育人为本作为教育工作的根本要求；把改革创新作为教育发展的强大动力；把促进公平作为国家基本教育政策；把提高质量作为教育改革发展的核心任务。”[1]
新时期高等教育大众化的一个显著特征就是多样化。学生成绩评价也应建立多样性、多角度、多层次的评价标准，还要注重评价客体的差异性和多样性。民族预科教育应该与社会相适应，与教育发展相适应，与学生实际情况相协调，培养社会需要的各层次人才，为各本科院校输送合格的少数民族大学本科生，最科学有效的成绩评价是采取多种方式，鼓励更多学生学习的积极性，尊重学生之间的智力差异，根据“多元智能理论”，形成“多元一体”的语文成绩评价体系。
（一）科学定位预科教育目标及预科学生成绩评价标准
“现代学生评价的重要目的是激励学生的学习，根据学生的实际改进教学过程，促进学生更
好的发展。”[2]
预科语文教育除基本属性工具性、人文性之外，还要兼顾民族性。在预科语文成绩的评价中不仅要注重工具性、人文性的评价，同时要注入民族文化的熏陶。帮助学生获得全面的语文素养，培养学生较强的语文应用能力和一定的审美能力、探索能力，并形成良好的道德素质和科学文化素质，引导学生学会自主学习。来自不同民族的预科学生构成了多民族多元文化的环境，在对预科生语文成绩的评价上，除现阶段考核教材内容之外，增加人文性及民族文化传承的元素才是科学定位预科语文教育目标和语文成绩评价标准。按照语文学科固有的教育规律，落实新时期人才培养的要求，发挥语文学科对个体发展产生的作用。
（二）改革预科语文成绩评价范围和内容
语文成绩评价不仅是学科内容的范畴考量。按照“多元智能理论”发现学生的智能类型，我们尝试在2012级预科生中首次加入口试成绩。选择内容为《100首古诗词》背诵并简要分析理解。让学生在背诵中有所思考、有所体会、有所感悟。目的是让诗词中优美的意象浸染学生的灵魂，提高审美能力、自我分析问题能力，让各民族学生在灵魂深处筑起民族文化殿堂的基础，加深文化底蕴，增加品性灵气。预科教育应坚持“以全面提高学生综合素质为中心，以提高学生人文与科学素养为切入点”的教育理念，注重创新与能力并重。除考查语文教材的内容外，在2012级预科生的语文考查中，尝试加入实践能力的成绩，参加校园辩论赛、演讲赛、校报发表的习作、活动主持、家教辅导，这些内容都视为实践能力的成绩。
（三）探索成绩评价的方法
针对预科生采用不同的评价方法科学且行之有效。2011级预科生入学后，即在评价的准备期，开始收集学生语文学习的相关信息，主要采用问卷法、调查法，为建立新的评价体系收集第一手资料。在语文成绩评价上有考试和考查、笔试与口试、闭卷与开卷，未来准备增加单项考试与综合考试等方法。民族学生采用形成性评价、诊断性评价与终结性评价、定性和定量等多元评价手段，只有采用不同评价方法才能全面掌握学生的学习情况，调动学习积极性，挖掘其潜在的自主、创新、探索能力。“数量和质量是一个事物的两个方面，所以在教育评价中定性与定量分析必须结合起来。”[3]
在具体评价中增加学生自我评价；同学之间评价；教师的评价；笔试与口试；开卷与闭卷；基础知识与语文实践技能相结合的评价原则。语文成绩评价需要站在时代的高度，采用“多元一体”的评价体系，才是尊重个体、顺应发展、依据教育规律的预科语文教育评价体系。
（四）完善成绩评价形式
语文学习讲求听、说、读、写的各种能力全面发展，在科学飞速发展的今天，互联网的普及让学生获得的知识不仅限于书本知识，所以，根据“多元智能理论”，建立全新的评价形式，引导并发掘学生的实践能力、创新能力、自主学习能力、钻研探索能力，为预科学生适应大学本科阶段的各专业学习奠定基础，形成各种能力的板块式指标体系，形成笔试与口试、开卷与闭卷、任选与必选、理论与能力及板块指标权重标准等多种形式的评价，使学生明确预科阶段语文能力的检验及成绩的评价标准，带动学生学习的积极性，自然建立一套有价值、有创新、有激励作用的语文评价体系。
（五）建立健全语文成绩评价分析与反馈机制
预科教育的特殊性及语文学科的基本属性决定了需要建立健全语文成绩评价分析和反馈机制，不仅要求教师建立学生个体的成绩与分析，同时要把相关分析信息及时反馈给学生，要学生了解自我语文学习能力水平，找出自身不足并寻求改善方法和手段，对自己有全面的认识，知己知彼，从而提高语文学习效率。美国百年来的教育成功经验有力地证明科学严谨的成绩评价制度，对学生各种能力的培养具有不可替代的作用，这为民族预科语文成绩评价的改革提供了借鉴作用。
综上所述，预科学习主体的语文成绩评价处于探索阶段。评价要注重学生未来的发展，注重
学生的能力培养，注重学生的实际的需要的原则。评价改革的根本是要改革唯成绩是举的方针，在参照考试成绩的同时，更重视其学习实践以及在此过程中的变化与发展。采用形成性评价与终极性评价等立体评价方法，多管齐下，坚持以全面提高学生综合素质为中心，注重能力的培养，为民族预科教育教学改革迈出坚实的一步。
篇三：大学预科班学习资料-杨玉智
大学预科班写作学习资料
上海新东方中学部 杨玉智
一、句子翻译练习参考答案与要点
1． 印度和巴基斯坦使世界上很多人惊恐地认为两国之间可能爆发全面战争，并动用核武器。 break out between them.(或：an all-out war where nuclear weapons would be used)
要点：“使”的翻译：make, help, enable, ensure, 具有使动含义的词，例如puzzle, confuse, upset等；被动句
2．学生讨厌写作文，因为往往只有按照固定模式写就的作文才能得高分，而试图要发挥想象力的则可能被看作偏题。
Students hate writing compositions because only those who write in a fixed pattern/template will get high scores, while those who try to use their imagination will be regarded as being off-topic. 要点：those who…;be regarded as…
3．当我们的汽车慢慢向前蠕动时，沿路站着手握木棍长矛的男人，他们的眼睛里充满了仇恨，嘴里高喊着愤怒的口号。
When our car slowly made its way, men with clubs and spears were standing along the road, with resentment （burning）in their eyes, and shouting slogans angrily.
要点：with…
4．作为欧盟成员，英国遇到很多困难，其根源在于，他的经济和政治倾向于和美国而不是欧盟其他国家保持一致。
As a member of the EU, Britain has encountered/met with many problems, the root of which is that its economy and politics tend to move in line with the US rather than the rest of the EU. 要点：保持一致（move in line with; align with)
另译：As a member of the EU, Britain has encountered/met with many problems, which originates from the fact that its economy and politics tend to move in line with the US rather than the rest of the EU.
5 the main reason for the recent coal mine accidents in Shanxi.
要点：置若罔闻的翻译；which引导的非限制性定语从句
6．更重要的是，随着国家日益开放并开始接受许多国际通用的规则，中国急需全面发展的人才。
More importantly, as China opens further to the outside world and begins to accept many internationally recognized practices, all-round talents are badly needed in China.
要点：随着…(as…;with…)
7．许多用人单位缺乏科学和理性的人员评估体系，而单纯地把名牌大学的文凭作为选人的严格标准。
A large number of employers lack/ are lacking in a scientific and rational employee/personnel evaluation system but rigidly regard the diploma from a prestigious university as the only strict standard/yardstick of talent selection.
要点：此处，人员不要翻译为people/person
8．这次研讨会由文化部发起，吸引了来自12个国家和地区的300多位专家来共同讨论信息技术的机遇和挑战。
Initiated by Culture Department/Bureau/Ministry, the seminar attracted over 300 experts from 12
countries to discuss the opportunities and challenges brought by information technology. 要点：过去分词直接做状语;定语的后置
9．6月8日午夜，在中国西北的陕西省，一场突如其来的暴雨引发了肆虐的洪水，威胁着34个县的五百多万人的生命。
At midnight on June 8, a sudden storm caused a serious/devastating flood, threatening the lives of 5 million people in 34 counties of Shaanxi province in Northwest China/ China’s northwest/ the northwest of China.
要点：状语的处理；现在分词作为伴随状态。
10．中美两国发展健
康和稳定的关系符合两国人民的根本利益，也有利于世界的和平、稳定和发展。The development of a healthy/sound and stable Sino-American relationship is in accordance with the fundamental interests of both countries’ peoples and conducive to the peace, stability and development of the world.
要点：符合；有利于；句子的名词化处理。
11. 热烈欢迎各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。
Business guests from all over the world are welcome to further enhance cooperation, establish and develop trade relations.
要点：被动句的翻译
12. 如早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。
We will appreciate it greatly if samples or product lists are delivered as soon as possible. 或：It would be highly appreciated if…./ We would be highly appreciative if...
要点：如何表示感激
二、高级翻译练习参考答案
Thunderstorm (Excerpt 1)
Zhou: Hold your tongue. (Turning back to Lu Dahai.) You’re no longer in a position to speak to me, Lu Dahai ?firm’s already sacked you.
HAI: Sacked me!
CHONG: That’s not playing the game,Father.
ZHOU:(turning to Zhou Chong ): You shut up and get out!
(Zhou Chong departs in high dudgeon through the center door.)
HAI: All right, then, (Grinding his teeth. ) Your dirty tricks are nothing new to me. You’d stoop to anything so long as there was money in it. You got the police to mow down your men, and then you---
Zhou: How dare you!
Ma:(going to Lu Dahai): Come on, let’s go. That’s enough.
HAI: Yes, and I know all about your record too! When you contracted to repair that bridge over the river at Harbin, you deliberately breached the dyke---
Zhou(harshly): Get out of here!
SERVANTS:(tugging at Lu Dahai): Come on! Outside! Out!
HAI: You drowned two thousand two hundred coolies in cold blood, and for each life lost you raked in three hundred dollars! I tell you, creature, you’ve made your money by killing people, and you and your sons stand accused for ever! And now on top of that you---
PING(hurling himself on Lu Dahai and striking him twice in the face): Take that, you lying swine!
(Lu Dahai returns a blow, but is seized and held by the servants.)
PING:Give him what for!
HAI: ( to Zhou ping): You---!
(The servants set upon him. Blood appears on his face.)
ZHOU(harshly): Stop! Leave him alone!
(The servants stop but still keep hold of Lu Dahai.)
HAI(struggling): Let go of me, you hooligans!
PING(to the servants): Hustle him outside!
MA(breaking down): You are hooligans, too! (Going across to Zhou Ping.) You’re my---mighty free with your fists! What right have you to hit my son?
PING: Who are you?
MA: I’m your---your victim’s mother.
HAI: Take no notice of the rat, mother. You don’t want them setting on to you, as well.
MA(starting dazedly at Zhou Ping’s face, then bursting into tears again): Oh, Dahai, let’s go! Let’s get out of here!
(Lu Dahai is shepherded out by the servants, followed by Lu Ma. Only Zhou Puyuan and Zhou Ping remains on the stage.)
PING(apologetically):Father.
ZHOU: You might have been less impetuous.
PING: But the fellow had no right to throw mud at you like that.
Excerpt 2
Feng(with a glance at her father): Whew, isn’t it hot! ( She walks over to the bureau, picks up a palm-leaf and begins to fan herself with it.)
LU(stopping what he is doing and looking across at her): Did you hear what I said, Sifeng? Feng(unconcernedly): Why, what is it now, dad?
LU: I mean did you hear what I was telling you a moment ago?
FENG:Yes, every word of it.
LU(who is used to being treated like this by his daughter and so can do nothing more than make a feeble protest): Oh, what’s the use of talking to you ?
FENG(looking round at him): You talk too much! ( Fanning herself vigorously.) Whew! With the weather as close as this, ten to one it’ll rain presently.(Suddenly.) Have you cleaned the master’s shoes that he’ll be wearing to go out? (She goes across, picks up one of ht shoes and glances contemptuously at it.)
You call this cleaned? Just a couple of wipes with a duster!
You just wait till the master sees them, and then you’ll be for it!
LU(snatching the shoe from her): I’ll thank you to mind your own business!---Now listen, Sifeng, while I tell you again: when you see your mother presently, don’t forget to get all your new clothes out and show them to her.
FENG(impatiently): I heard you the first time.
LU:Let her see who knows what’s best for you, she or your dad!
FENG(contemptuously): Why, you, of course!
LU: And don’t forget to tell her how well you’re treated here---good food, light work, just waiting on the mistress and the young gentlemen in the daytime and going straight home in the evening just as she told you to do.
FENG: There’s no need for me to tell her that, because she’s sure to ask anyway.
LU:(gloatingly):And then, the money! ( Laughing avariciously.) You must have quite a bit put by!
FENG: Money?
LU:Yes, two years’pay, and tips, and---(meaningfully) and the odd little sums every now and then, which they---
FENG(cutting him short): Yes, and you’ve relieved me of every penny of it, a dollar or two at a time! And it’s all gone on drinking and gambling!
LU: There you go again! Getting worked up over nothing! Don’t worry, I’m not after your money. No, what I mean is---(lowering his voice) he---er---hasn’t he been giving you money?
FENG(taken aback): He? Who?
LU (bluntly): Master Ping.
FENG(Crimson): What on earth do you mean? Master Ping giving me money indeed! You must be off your mind, dad, talking such nonsense!
LU: All right, all right, so he hasn’t, then. But in any case you must have saved quite a bit these last two years.---Don’t worry, I’m not after your money. All I meant was you can show it to your mother when she comes. That’ll be an eye-opener for her!
Feng: Humph! Mother isn’t like you---show you a handful of coppers and you’ll break your neck to get at it! ( She goes back to the table to attend to the medicine.)
三、学生写作易犯错误归类练习
时态不一致
He says he pushed the car while his father watches.
I give him all kinds of help, but he said I never helped him.
代词不一致
In doing an experiment in chemistry, one should read the directions carefully. Otherwise you may have an explosion.
Be sure to take your passport; the customs officials always look at them.
A student can easily pass the exam if he or she can fully concentrate himself or herself on his or her studies.
句子不完整
Since electricity has been an essential part of our modern life.
We must meet our deadline. Even though the schedule is tight.
The high cost of living in Tokyo.
We wonder why she thinking that way.
逗号滥用
Learning English is like learning to play the piano. It takes a lot of time to practise.
Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put an end to mankind.
People use seventeen muscles when they smile, on the other hand they use forty-three muscles whey they frown.
冗长句
I could not really wpeak English very well at the time, but I went to take the entrance exam at City College anyway, but I failed and they rejected me, so I went back to night school and the next semester I took the text
again and I finally passed.
The teacher lectured on atomic physics and answered our questions and he gave us the next assignment and dismissed the class.
重复
He said that the customer said that the order was canceled.
The reason why I was so upset was because she seemed so angry with me.
Not long after we had started out, it started to rain; and when it started to thunder, one of the girls started to cry.
Perhaps maybe the chief cause of or reason for obesity in people who are overweight is lack of exercise.
His uncle is not like her uncle. Her uncle takes more chances than his uncle.
悬垂修饰语
Captured during the robbery, the police questioned the suspect for hours.
After spending over ten hours writing at the computer, the report was still not satisfactory.