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美国的历史英语介绍

介绍信2020-11-21 13:53书业网

篇一:美国历史简介

美国历史

(一)殖民地时期前后

殖民地时期以前(Before the Colonial Period)(1607年以前)

1492年,意大利航海家克里斯托夫.哥伦布(Christopher Columbus)发现新大陆(the New World);当时居住在美洲大陆的印第安人(Indians),被称为“最早的美国人”(the first American)

殖民时期( Colonial Period)(1607-1753)

1607年,英国在北美建立第一永久性个殖民地(first English Colony)—詹姆士镇(Jamestown);18世纪中叶,英国在新大陆(the New World)建成13个殖民地(the Thirteen Colonies)

(二)独立战争时期

独立战争(War of Independence)及美国独立

1773.12.16,波士顿倾茶事件(the Boston Tea Party)是美国独立战争的导火线 1774年,来自12个州的代表聚集在费城(Philadelphia)

1775年4月19日清晨,波士顿人民在莱克星顿(Lexington)上空打响了独立战争(the War of Independence)的第一枪,莱克星顿的枪声拉开了美国独立战争的序幕;

1776年7月4日,第二次大陆会议(the Second Continental Congress)通过了托马斯.杰弗逊(Thomas Jefferson)起草的独立宣言(The Declaration of Independence),成立了美利坚合众国(the United States of America);1776年7月4日,美国独立,7月4日被确定为美国的国庆日(National Day) 1783年,美英签订《巴黎条约》(Treaty of Pairs),结束了独立战争 制宪会议(The Constitutional Convention)

1787年,制宪会议在费城召开,华盛顿被推为总统,会议还制定了宪法(Constitution)草案,1791年增加了宪法的头十条修改案,即“权利法案”(The Bill of Rights)

(三)19世纪的美国

1812年战争(War of 1812)(1812-1815)

这是美国独立战争后的第一次对外战争

西进运动(WestWord Movement)

门罗主义(Monore Doctrine)

内容大致可归纳为三个原则:“反对欧洲国家再在美洲夺取殖民地”原则“不干涉”原则 “美洲体系”原则

(European powers were no longer to colonize or interfer with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas)

美墨战争(Mexican-American War)(1846-1848)

南北战争(Civil War)(1861.4——1865.4)

1860年共和党人林肯(Abraham Linkon)当选为总统,民主党(the Democratic Party)惨败,这成为南方奴隶主脱离联邦、发动叛乱的导火线

(四)20世纪的美国

20世纪初期的美国(The United States in the Early 20th Century)

这一时期的美国总统西奥多.罗斯福(Theodore Roosevelt)扮演了重要角色,他通过反托拉斯法(Anti-Trust Law)有力打击了垄断集团,并制定法律以保护环

境、保障劳工利益,使得美国得以迅速发展

美国与一战(The United States and World War Ⅰ)

一战中,美国伤亡巨大,于是在20世纪年代开始奉行孤立主义(Isolation) 大萧条与新政(The Great Depression and the New Deal)

大萧条,指1929-1933年之间的全球性经济大衰退

罗斯福实行新政(3R):复兴(Recover)、救济(Relief)、改革(Reform) 美国与二战(The United States and World War Ⅱ)

冷战时期(Cold War)

美国民权运动(The Civil Rights Movement)

越南战争(Vietnam War)

中美关系(Sino-American Relations)

水门事件(Watergate Scandal)

篇二:美国历史简介

引言 INTRODUCTION

两百多年来,美国历史一直是民主制度的试验。早年被提出的问题如今持续被提出并且获得解决;强大政府对抗弱小政府、个人权利对抗群体权利、自由资本主义对抗受到管理的商业与劳工以及参与世界对抗孤立主义。美国对于民主制度有很高的期待,而现实有时不如人意。然而国家经过适应与妥协,已见成长与繁荣。

George Washington addressing the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, 1787. (Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond. Gift of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch.)

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早期的美国 EARLY AMERICA

在冰河时期的颠峰,约3万5千前年,世界上大部分的水都被锁在 绝大部分的大陆冰层,这长达一千5百公里之宽的陆桥连接亚洲与北美洲。到一万两千年前,人类于西半球各地居住。

第一批美洲人自亚洲跨越陆桥,并且数千年来仍留在阿拉斯加。他们接着往后来成

Aerial view of the Great Serpent

为美国的南方陆地移动。他们在西北部、Mesa Verde settlement in

Mound in Adams County, Ohio,

西南部的山与沙漠以及中西部的密西西

Colorado, 13th century. (? Russ created by members of the

比河沿着太平洋定居。

Finley/Finley-Holiday Films) Native-American Fort Ancient

Culture (A.D. 1000-1550). 这些早期的族群称为霍霍卡母

(Hohokam)、阿戴南斯(Adenans)、霍皮威利安斯(Hopewellians)以及阿那萨其(Anasazi)。他们建立村落并种植农作物。有些人建立金字塔、鸟或蛇形状的土堆。自然世界的元素在心灵信仰中扮演关键角色。虽然有些人发展一种象形文字以保存部分文字,但是他们的文化主要仍以口传为主。证据显示族群间有许多贸易往来,但他们之间有些关系仍具有敌意。

为了一些不明原因,这些族群消失一段时The Castillo de San Marcos, built Fountain and mission remains of

the San Juan Capistrano 间而被北美其他族群取代,包括兴盛的族by the Spanish 1672-1695 to

群霍皮(Hopi)与祖尼(Zuni)。欧洲抵达现在的美国时,约两百万原住民住在这里,甚至更多。

第一批抵达北美的欧洲人—至少有可靠证据显示第一批是古挪威人。他们从格陵

兰往西走,约在公元985年,红发艾瑞克(Erik the Red)在格陵兰建立殖民地。1001年,其子列福(Leif)被认为以探索了东北部,即现在的加拿大。当时挪威房舍的遗迹已在纽芬兰北部的兰塞奥兹牧草地(L'Anse aux Meadows)被发现。

几乎500多年后,其他欧洲人才抵达北美,再过100年号,才建立永久殖民地。第一批探索者寻找往亚洲的海道。其他人—主要为英国、荷兰、法国以及西班牙人—后来才来到,并索取他们所称的“新世界”的土地与财富。

这些探险者当中,首位也是最著名的即是来自热诺亚(Genoa)的克里斯多夫哥伦布(Christopher Columbus)。他的行程由西班牙女王依莎贝拉(Isabella)所资助。1492年,哥伦布哥伦布于加勒比海的岛屿登陆,但他从未见过未来美国的主要陆地。5年后,威尼斯的约翰卡波特(John Cabot)在执行一项英国君王的任务时来此,他的旅程很快被遗忘,但这提供了英国要求得到北美的基础。

1500年代是西班牙探险美洲的年代。璜彭斯狄雷翁(Juan Ponce de Leo)于1513年在现今的佛罗里达州登陆,1539年,赫南多狄索托(Hernando de Soto)探险范围远及密西西比河,1540年,法兰西斯科瓦兹盖斯狄科罗纳度(Francisco Vazquez de Coronado)为了寻找神话中的西伯拉七城市(Seven Cities of Cibola),从1522年被西班牙征服的墨西哥往北出发, 但是他的旅程只到达亚历桑纳州的大峡谷(Grand Canyon)以及大平原(Great Plains)。

当西班牙人从南方前进时,如今的美国北部正透过其他欧洲人的探险而逐渐显现出来,其中包括吉尤瓦尼维拉萨诺

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guard St. Augustine, Florida, the Mission, California, founded by first permanent European settlement in the continental United States. (? Miles Ertman/Masterfile )

Spanish Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Jun?ero Serra in the 1770s. (? Chuck Place) (Mark C. Burnett/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

(Giovanni da Verrazano)、贾奎.卡蒂埃 (Jacques Cartier)以及被用来命名为美洲大陆的亚美利欧维斯浦奇(Amerigo Vespucci)。

成为美国的第一个欧洲永久殖民地在1500中叶由西班牙人于佛罗里达州的圣奥古斯丁所建立。然而,这不是新国家成立的因素,而是在更北大西洋沿岸的殖民地—弗吉尼亚、麻萨诸塞、纽约以及其他愈来愈多来自欧洲的移民所殖民。 殖民时代 COLONIAL PERIOD

大部分于1600年来到英国殖民地的人是英国人。其他则来有些人离开家园是为了逃离战争、政治压迫、宗教迫害或是死刑。有些身份为仆人的人则为了寻找自由而离开。非洲黑人被当作奴隶卖并带着镣铐抵达。

截至1690年,人口共达25 万人。不到10年后,已攀升至250万人。

移民者来到美国有许多因素,最后终于建立了13区。在3大殖民地区的族群中甚至有更多显著的差异。

Detail from a painting by American artist Benjamin West (1738-1820), which depicts William Penn's

第一批殖民地建立于大西洋沿岸以及流向海洋的河流。在东treaty with the Native Americans living where he 北部,移民者发现山丘覆盖着树以,泥土中充满冰河时代冰founded the colony of Pennsylvania as a haven for 河融化所遗留的石头,容易利用水力发电,因此,“新英格

Quakers and others seeking religious freedom.

兰”—包括麻萨诸塞、康乃狄克以罗德岛—发展出一个以木制(Courtesy The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts) 品、渔业、造船与贸易为基础的经济体系。中部殖民地—包括纽约与宾夕福尼亚—气候温和并且地形多变。工业与农业在此发展,而社会有更为多元与普遍。例如,在纽约,可以发现波西米亚人、丹麦人、荷兰人、英国人、法国人、德国人、爱尔兰人、义大利人、挪威人、波兰人、波多黎各人、苏格兰人以及瑞典人。南方殖民地—包括弗吉尼亚、乔治亚与卡罗莱纳—生长季较长并且土壤肥沃,因此经济以农业为主。有卑微农夫以及拥有由非洲奴隶耕作的大片农场的富裕贵族地主。

移民者与原住民(被称为印地安人)的关系夹杂着合作与冲突。有些地区拥有贸易与一些社会交流,但大体来说,当殖民者扩张土地,

Pilgrims signing the Mayflower Compact aboard

ship, 1620. (Library of Congress)

美国殖民地的移民并非直接由英国政府资助,而是由私人团

体,除了乔治亚州是以股东的公司或拥有君王授权的所有权的方式出现之外。有些移民受到公司领导人的严格统治,但所有移民终将发展成为以英国法律先例与传统为基础的参与性政府。

英国连年的政治混乱于1688至1689年的光荣革命(Glorious Revolution)达到最高点,英王詹姆士2世(James II)被罢免,导致君主政体受到限制并且人民拥有更多自由。美国殖民从这些转变中受益。殖民会议主张拥有充当地方国会的权利,他们通过限制皇室政府统治者的权力并扩张自身权利的措施。

在随后数十年间,总督与大会之间一再发生的争议唤起殖民者对英美利益日渐增加分歧的意识。从这些争执中所衍生出来的原则与判例成为殖民地的不成文宪法。

首先,焦点在于大英国协内的自治,后来则成为对独立的要求。

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独立之路 ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE

自由主一语民主制度的原则—美国的政治基础—天生源自于在处女地上建立新社会的过程。自然地,新国家将自视为独特与优秀。欧洲将怀有恐惧或希望地观察它。

1700年代,英国的北美13州殖民地日趋成熟,在人口、经济能力与文化成就皆有所成长。他们经历自治,然而直到150年后第一个永久的屯恳地于弗吉尼亚的詹姆士城建立,新美利坚合众国才成为国家。

1750年代,英法之间的战争有部分在北美进行。英国获胜,并很快开始实施用以控制

其强大帝国并累积其财富。这些措施对美国The protest against British taxes known as the "Boston Tea 殖民地居民的生活方式造成更大的限制。 Party," 1773. (Library of Congress)

1763年的皇家宣言(Royal Proclamation)限制屯恳区新土地的开发。1764年蔗糖法案(Sugar Act)对奢华物品课税,包括咖啡、丝、牛奶与酒,并且规定进口酒为非法行为。1764年货币法案(Currency Act)禁止在殖民地印刷纸钞。1765年驻营法案(Quartering Act)强迫殖民地居民为皇家军队提供食物与住宿。1765年印花税法(Stamp Act)规定为所有法律文件、报纸、执照与合约而购买印花税票。

殖民地居民拒绝这些措施,但是印花税法引发了最有组织的反抗。在日益增加的殖民地居民眼中,主要问题是他们被遥远的立法机关课税,而他们不能参与。1765年10月,来自9个殖民地的27名会议代表于纽约会面,同心协力撤销印花税法。他们通过解决方案,主张各殖民地对其课税的权力。

自治产生政治上的领导者,他们一齐努力击败他们认为的国会的压制行为。他们成功之后,他们对抗英国的活动告一段落。然而,在接下来几年间,有少数激进人士试图重新引发争议。他们的目标不在于和解,而是独立。

麻州的山谬亚当斯(Samuel Adams)最有效率。他书写报纸文章并发表演讲,以诉诸殖民地居民的民主本能。他协助殖民地组织委员会,并使之成为革命运动的基础。截至1773年,活动吸引对英国试图控管茶贸易的殖民商人。12月,山谬亚当斯与一群人偷溜进波士顿港的3艘英国船只,并将茶叶丢到船外。

为了惩罚麻州的公然破坏行为,英国国会关闭波士顿港并限制地方威权。新措施被称为不可容忍法令(Intolerable Acts),结果事与愿违。他们不孤立单一殖民地,而整合其他殖民地。除了乔治亚州外,所有殖民地于1774年9月派代表至费城讨论 “目前不愉快的状态”。这是第一次的大陆会议。

殖民地居民对于英国侵犯其权利愈来愈挫折与愤怒。但在作为上没有一致看法。忠诚者希望效忠君王,温和主义者赞成妥协,以与英国政府维持更令人接受的关系。而革命者希望彻底独立。他们开始累积武器与动员军队—等待对抗的一天到来。

革命 REVOLUTION

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美国革命—脱离英国而独立的战争—开始时是英国军队与武装殖民地居民之间于1775年4月19

英国从麻州波士顿出发,夺取殖民地居民在邻近村庄收集的武器与弹药。在雷辛顿(Lexington),他们遇到一群义勇兵(Minutemen),他们因为随时准备战斗而得此名。义勇兵准备一场静止的反抗活动,而他们的领导者告诉他们直到被射击才可开枪。英国命令义勇兵解散,而他们聚集在一起。当他们撤离时,其中有人开了一枪。英国军队以枪与刺刀攻击义勇兵。

Artist's depiction of the first shots of the American

Revolution, fired at Lexington, Massachusetts, on 当身穿鲜红色制服的英军在返回波士顿的路上,抗争在沿路April 19, 1775. (Painting by Don Troiani, 上的别处爆发。英国军人死伤人数超过250名,美国则有) 93人丧生。

随着殖民代表火速前往费城讨论情势,波士顿持续发生致命冲突。大多数人投票决定与英国开战,他们同意结合殖民军队成为一只大陆军团,并且他们指派来自弗吉尼亚的乔治华盛顿(George Washington)为总司令。但是同时,这个第2次大陆会议采行一项和平解决方式,即呼吁国王乔治3世(George III)避免进一步的战争行动。 国王予以拒绝并于8月23日宣布美国殖民地进行叛乱。

Drawing of revolutionary firebrand Patrick Hey (standing to the left) uttering perhaps the most famous words of the American Revolution — "Give me liberty or give me death!" (Library of Congress)

接下来数月中,独立的呼声愈来愈高。激进政治理论家托马斯潘恩(Thomas Paine)协助让分离的想法具体化。在一售出10万本、名为《常识》(Common Sense)的小册子中,他攻击世袭君主政体的观念。潘恩提出两个选择给美国:继续屈服在暴君与陈旧政府制度之下,或因自足与独立共和而

Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of

Benjamin Franklin, signer of both the Declaration of

获得自由与幸福。

第2次大陆会议指派一个由弗吉尼亚的托马斯杰佛逊(Thomas Jefferson)所领导的委员会,以准备概述殖民地对君王的不满并解释他们脱离的决定。这份独立宣言

(Declaration of Independence)于1776年7月4日通过。自此以来,7月4日便成为美国的独立纪念日。

Independence and third Independence and the president of the United Constitution. (? AP States. (? AP Images) Images)

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篇三:介绍美国英文演讲稿

篇一:美国文化之节日介绍演讲稿(英文版)

the american heritage festival

1. united states is a cultural powers. short but rich history and unique it makes for an ethnic melting pot, and bring together the

worlds culture. if the thought of this huge social and human treasures of get in, we may wish to take a short cut, that is, on his holiday to be a general understanding of the culture, because it is a microcosm of the festival.

2. day(情人节 情人节)(february valentines day(情人节)(february 14)

3.november 1, halloween is the traditional festival of the west. halloween, namely 31 october night, children enjoy a good time to play. as night fell, the children put on colorful costume, and wore a mask of all sorts, put on a pumpkin lampran out to play.packed with parity, the demons were dressed up as children of mobile pumpkin lamp, ran to a neighbors door, intimidation, like shouting: to trick or treat and give money or to eat. if the adults do not have to change for the hospitality they candy, and those naughty boy just talk the talk: well, youre not playing entertaining, i you.

4. november 4th thursday is thanksgiving. on thanksgiving day, the united states the whole fun, people follow the customs of the prayer of thanksgiving to the church, and rural towns are nearby, theatrical performances or sporting events, etc. continues for another year of relatives will return from many, one family luck, taste the delicious thanksgiving turkey.

christmas is the most typical christmas tree decorations, people in a small fir or pine filled with gifts and lantern, the top of the tree with a big star.篇二:美国文化演讲稿,英文版

presentation

i’m glad to show you mine presentation today. and now let’s see some pictures. what are they? maybe you’ll say “ads”. but do you see the slogans on them? just as this one “obey your thirst”.

advertisements give latest information about products. but some people think that advertisements don’t give much information but only try to persuade customers to buy. may be what mentioned above is the citizens’ view about advertisement.

so, what i want to say is that we can pay more attention on adve

rtising slogans, and some of them give us some inspiration.

we might as well take a look.

first i want to share my favorite slogan with you. it’s the slogan of the hennessy. “to me, the past is black and white, but the future is always color.” just as the slogan said, i hold the view that a person can’t be always lost in the past, and no matter how happy or terrible the past is, the future is worthy to be expected. this slogan gives a clear picture of the life that every successful person who want to realize the dream.

besides, there’s another slogan, “start ahead”. i believe that most of us are familiar with its chinese meaning “成功之路,从头开始”. iargue that wherever we go and whatever we meet, this sentence is full of power and wisdom.

the other one is the slogan of canon. as it said, “impossible made possible.” when

we are in case of emergency or we meet difficulties at the critical stage of our life, it’s a good choice for us to use the slogan for encouragement.

there’re also many slogans which deserve to be thought about. for example, “intelligence everywhere,” “the relentless pursuit of perfection,” and the most famous one “just do it”.

maybe we’ll forget them after the first time we heard them or maybe we could seldom remember them unless in a special situation. in my opinion, since we have so many excellent advertising slogans, we have every reason to make full use of the social resources.

in other words, after we enjoy the happiness and know about the introduction of the products, we should take in the wisdom and the truth which behind them. thank you, it’s all my presentation.篇三:美国经典英文演讲100篇

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美国经典英文演讲100篇:oklahoma bombing memorial address2013-04-04

thank you very much, governor keating and mrs. keating, reverend graham, to the families of those who have been lost and wounded, to the people of oklahoma city, who have endured so much, and the people of this wonderful state, to all of you who are here as our fellow americans.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:brandenburg gate address2013-04-03

美国经典英文演讲100篇:message to the grass roots2013-04-03

so we are all black people, so-called negroes, second-class

citizens, ex-slaves. you are nothing but a [sic] ex-slave. you dont like to be told that. but what else are you? you are ex-slaves. 美国经典英文演讲100篇:address on taking the oath of office2013-04-02

the oath that i have taken is the same oath that was taken by george washington and by every president under the constitution. but i assume the presidency under extraordinary circumstances never before experienced by americans. this is an hour of history that troubles our minds and hurts our hearts.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:a crisis of confidence2013-04-02

this a special night for me. exactly three years ago, on july 15, 1976, i accepted the nomination of my party to run for president of the united states. i promised you a president who is not isolated from the people, who feels your pain, and who shares your dreams, and who draws his strength and his wisdom from you.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:on vietnam and not seeking re-election2013-04-01

tonight i want to speak to you of peace in vietnam and southeast asia. no other question so preoccupies our people. no other dream so absorbs the 250 million human beings who live in that part of the world. no other goal motivates american policy in southeast asia.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:statement to the senate judiciary...2013-04-01

my name is anita f. hill, and i am a professor of law at the

university of oklahoma. i was born on a farm in okmulgee county, oklahoma, in 1956. i am the youngest of 13 children. i had my earlyeducation in okmulgee county. my father, albert hill, is a farmer in that area. my mothers name is irma hill. she is also a

farmer and a housewife.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:television and the public interest2013-03-31

governor collins, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen. governor collins youre much too kind, as all of you have been to me the last few days. its been a great pleasure and an honor for me to meet so many of you. and i want to thank you for this opportunity to meet with you today.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:eulogy for robert francis kennedy2013-03-31

on behalf of mrs. kennedy, her children, the parents and sisters of robert kennedy, i want to express what we feel to those who mourn with us today in this cathedral and around the world.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:black power2013-03-30

thank you very much. it’s a privilege and an honor to be in the white intellectual ghetto of the west. we wanted to do a couple of things before we started. 美国经典英文演讲100篇:chappaquiddick2013-03-30

on the weekend of july 18, i was on marthas vineyard island

美国经典英文演讲100篇:religious belief and public morality2013-03-29

the catholic churchs actions with respect to the interplay of religious values and public policy make clear that there is no inflexible moral principle which determines what our political conduct should be.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:presidential nomination acceptance..2013-03-29

i have not sought the honor you have done me. i could not seek it, because i aspired to another office, which was the full measure of my ambition, and one does not treat the highest office within the gift of the people of illinois as an alternative or as a consolation prize.

《美国经典英文演讲100篇》音频打包下载2013-03-28

美国经典英文演讲100篇:vice-presidential nomination...2013-03-28

my heart is filled with pride. my fellow citizens, i proudly accept your nomination for vice president of the united states.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:the marshall plan2013-03-28

美国经典英文演讲100篇:the great society2013-03-27

how do i document that case? seven years later, the richest 1 percent of our society pays 20 percent less in taxes. the poorest 10 percent pay 20 percent more: reaganomics. 美国经典英文演讲100篇:1988 dnc address(上)2013-03-26

tonight, we pause and give praise and honor to god for being good enough to allow us to be at this place at this time. when i look out at this convention, i see the face of america: red, yellow, brown, black and white. we are all precious in gods sight -- the real rainbow coalition.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:a whisper of aids2013-03-25

incidentally, that he spent weeks in the preparation of -- his words and policies were subjected to instant analysis and querulous criticism.

美国经典英文演讲100篇:civil rights address2013-03-24

upon receiving the first preliminary hard information of this nature last tuesday morning at 9 a.m., i directed that our

thank you very, very much, president keohane. mrs. gorbachev, trustees, faculty,

parents, and i should say, julia porter, class president, and certainly my new best friend, christine bicknell -- and, of course, the class of 1990. i am really thrilled to be here today, and very excited, as i know all of you must be, that mrs. gorbachev could join us.

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