stains是什么意思

篇一：硅片行业中英文对照

硅片行业术语大全(中英文对照 A-H)

Acceptor - An element, such as boron, indium, and gallium used to create a free hole in a semiconductor. The acceptor atoms are required to have one less valence electron

than the semiconductor.

受主 - 一种用来在半导体中形成空穴的元素，比如硼、铟和镓。受主原子必须比半导体元

素少一价电子

Alignment Precision - Displacement of patterns that occurs during the

photolithography process.

套准精度 - 在光刻工艺中转移图形的精度。

Anisotropic - A process of etching that has very little or no undercutting

各向异性 - 在蚀刻过程中，只做少量或不做侧向凹刻。

Area Contamination - Any foreign particles or material that are found on the surface of a wafer. This is viewed as discolored or smudged, and it is the result of stains,

fingerprints, water spots, etc.

沾污区域 - 任何在晶圆片表面的外来粒子或物质。由沾污、手印和水滴产生的污染。 Azimuth, in Ellipsometry - The angle measured between the plane of incidence and

the major axis of the ellipse.

椭圆方位角 - 测量入射面和主晶轴之间的角度。

Backside - The bottom surface of a silicon wafer. (Note: This term is not preferred;

instead, use ‘back surface’.)

背面 - 晶圆片的底部表面。（注：不推荐该术语，建议使用“背部表面”） Base Silicon Layer - The silicon wafer that is located underneath the insulator layer,

which supports the silicon film on top of the wafer.

底部硅层 - 在绝缘层下部的晶圆片，是顶部硅层的基础。

Bipolar - Transistors that are able to use both holes and electrons as charge carriers.

双极晶体管 - 能够采用空穴和电子传导电荷的晶体管。

Bonded Wafers - Two silicon wafers that have been bonded together by silicon dioxide,

which acts as an insulating layer.

绑定晶圆片 - 两个晶圆片通过二氧化硅层结合到一起，作为绝缘层。

Bonding Interface - The area where the bonding of two wafers occurs.

绑定面 - 两个晶圆片结合的接触区。

Buried Layer - A path of low resistance for a current moving in a device. Many of

these dopants are antimony and arsenic.

埋层 - 为了电路电流流动而形成的低电阻路径，搀杂剂是锑和砷。

Buried Oxide Layer (BOX) - The layer that insulates between the two wafers.

氧化埋层(BOX) - 在两个晶圆片间的绝缘层。

Carrier - Valence holes and conduction electrons that are capable of carrying a

charge through a solid surface in a silicon wafer.

载流子 - 晶圆片中用来传导电流的空穴或电子。

Chemical-Mechanical Polish (CMP) - A process of flattening and polishing wafers that utilizes both chemical removal and mechanical buffing. It is used during the

fabrication process.

化学-机械抛光(CMP) - 平整和抛光晶圆片的工艺，采用化学移除和机械抛光两种方式。此

工艺在前道工艺中使用。

Chuck Mark - A mark found on either surface of a wafer, caused by either a robotic

end effector, a chuck, or a wand.

卡盘痕迹 - 在晶圆片任意表面发现的由机械手、卡盘或托盘造成的痕迹。

Cleavage Plane - A fracture plane that is preferred.

解理面 - 破裂面

Crack - A mark found on a wafer that is greater than 0.25 mm in length.

裂纹 - 长度大于0.25毫米的晶圆片表面微痕。

Crater - Visible under diffused illumination, a surface imperfection on a wafer that

can be distinguished individually.

微坑 - 在扩散照明下可见的，晶圆片表面可区分的缺陷。

Conductivity (electrical) - A measurement of how easily charge carriers can flow

throughout a material.

传导性（电学方面） - 一种关于载流子通过物质难易度的测量指标 。

Conductivity Type - The type of charge carriers in a wafer, such as “N-type” and

“P-type”.

导电类型 - 晶圆片中载流子的类型，N型和P型。

Contaminant, Particulate (see light point defect)

污染微粒 （参见光点缺陷）

Contamination Area - An area that contains particles that can negatively affect the

characteristics of a silicon wafer.

沾污区域 - 部分晶圆片区域被颗粒沾污，造成不利特性影响。

Contamination Particulate - Particles found on the surface of a silicon wafer.

沾污颗粒 - 晶圆片表面上的颗粒。

Crystal Defect - Parts of the crystal that contain vacancies and dislocations that

can have an impact on a circuit’s electrical performance.

晶体缺陷 - 部分晶体包含的、会影响电路性能的空隙和层错。

Crystal Indices (see Miller indices)

晶体指数 （参见米勒指数）

Depletion Layer - A region on a wafer that contains an electrical field that sweeps

out charge carriers.

耗尽层 - 晶圆片上的电场区域，此区域排除载流子。

Dimple - A concave depression found on the surface of a wafer that is visible to

the eye under the correct lighting conditions.

表面起伏 - 在合适的光线下通过肉眼可以发现的晶圆片表面凹陷。

Donor - A contaminate that has donated extra “free” electrons, thus making a wafer

“N-Type”.

施主 - 可提供“自由”电子的搀杂物，使晶圆片呈现为N型。

Dopant - An element that contributes an electron or a hole to the conduction process, thus altering the conductivity. Dopants for silicon wafers are found in Groups III

and V of the Periodic Table of the Elements.

搀杂剂 - 可以为传导过程提供电子或空穴的元素，此元素可以改变传导特性。晶圆片搀杂

剂可以在元素周期表的III 和 V族元素中发现。

Doping - The process of the donation of an electron or hole to the conduction process

by a dopant.

掺杂 - 把搀杂剂掺入半导体，通常通过扩散或离子注入工艺实现。

Edge Chip and Indent - An edge imperfection that is greater than 0.25 mm.

芯片边缘和缩进 - 晶片中不完整的边缘部分超过0.25毫米。

Edge Exclusion Area - The area located between the fixed quality area and the periphery of a wafer. (This varies according to the dimensions of the wafer.) 边缘排除区域 - 位于质量保证区和晶圆片外围之间的区域。（根据晶圆片的尺寸不同而有

所不同。）

Edge Exclusion, Nominal (EE) - The distance between the fixed quality area and the

periphery of a wafer.

名义上边缘排除(EE) - 质量保证区和晶圆片外围之间的距离。

Edge Profile - The edges of two bonded wafers that have been shaped either chemically

or mechanically.

边缘轮廓 - 通过化学或机械方法连接起来的两个晶圆片边缘。

Etch - A process of chemical reactions or physical removal to rid the wafer of excess

materials.

蚀刻 - 通过化学反应或物理方法去除晶圆片的多余物质。

Fixed Quality Area (FQA) - The area that is most central on a wafer surface.

质量保证区(FQA) - 晶圆片表面中央的大部分。

Flat - A section of the perimeter of a wafer that has been removed for wafer

orientation purposes.

平边 - 晶圆片圆周上的一个小平面，作为晶向定位的依据。

Flat Diameter - The measurement from the center of the flat through the center of

the wafer to the opposite edge of the wafer. (Perpendicular to the flat)

平口直径 - 由小平面的中心通过晶圆片中心到对面边缘的直线距离。

Four-Point Probe - Test equipment used to test resistivity of wafers.

四探针 - 测量半导体晶片表面电阻的设备。

Furnace and Thermal Processes - Equipment with a temperature gauge used for processing wafers. A constant temperature is required for the process.

炉管和热处理 - 温度测量的工艺设备，具有恒定的处理温度。

Front Side - The top side of a silicon wafer. (This term is not preferred; use front

surface instead.)

正面 - 晶圆片的顶部表面（此术语不推荐，建议使用“前部表面”）。

Goniometer - An instrument used in measuring angles.

角度计 - 用来测量角度的设备。

Gradient, Resistivity (not preferred; see resistivity variation)

电阻梯度 （不推荐使用，参见“电阻变化”）

Groove - A scratch that was not completely polished out.

凹槽 - 没有被完全清除的擦伤。

Hand Scribe Mark - A marking that is hand scratched onto the back surface of a wafer

for identification purposes.

手工印记 - 为区分不同的晶圆片而手工在背面做出的标记。

Haze - A mass concentration of surface imperfections, often giving a hazy appearance

to the wafer.

雾度 - 晶圆片表面大量的缺陷，常常表现为晶圆片表面呈雾状。

Hole - Similar to a positive charge, this is caused by the absence of a valence

electron.

空穴 - 和正电荷类似，是由缺少价电子引起的。

硅片行业术语大全(中英文对照 I-Z)

Ingot - A cylindrical solid made of polycrystalline or single crystal silicon from

which wafers are cut.

晶锭 - 由多晶或单晶形成的圆柱体，晶圆片由此切割而成。

Laser Light-Scattering Event - A signal pulse that locates surface imperfections

on a wafer.

激光散射 - 由晶圆片表面缺陷引起的脉冲信号。

Lay - The main direction of surface texture on a wafer.

层 - 晶圆片表面结构的主要方向。

Light Point Defect (LPD) (Not preferred; see localized light-scatterer)

光点缺陷(LPD) （不推荐使用，参见“局部光散射”）

Lithography - The process used to transfer patterns onto wafers.

光刻 - 从掩膜到圆片转移的过程。

Localized Light-Scatterer - One feature on the surface of a wafer, such as a pit or a scratch that scatters light. It is also called a light point defect. 局部光散射 - 晶圆片表面特征，例如小坑或擦伤导致光线散射，也称为光点缺陷。 Lot - Wafers of similar sizes and characteristics placed together in a shipment.

批次 - 具有相似尺寸和特性的晶圆片一并放置在一个载片器内。

Majority Carrier - A carrier, either a hole or an electron that is dominant in a

specific region, such as electrons in an N-Type area.

多数载流子 - 一种载流子，在半导体材料中起支配作用的空穴或电子，例如在N型中是电

子。

Mechanical Test Wafer - A silicon wafer used for testing purposes.

机械测试晶圆片 - 用于测试的晶圆片。

Microroughness - Surface roughness with spacing between the impurities with a

measurement of less than 100 μm.

微粗糙 - 小于100微米的表面粗糙部分。

Miller Indices, of a Crystallographic Plane - A system that utilizes three numbers

to identify plan orientation in a crystal.

Miller索指数 - 三个整数，用于确定某个并行面。这些整数是来自相同系统的基本向量。 Minimal Conditions or Dimensions - The allowable conditions for determining whether

or not a wafer is considered acceptable.

最小条件或方向 - 确定晶圆片是否合格的允许条件。

篇二：大学英语快速阅读第四册16篇翻译

Unit 1

Alone in the Arctic Cold

一个人在北极严寒

Day had broken exceedingly cold and gray, when the man turned aside from the main Yukon 一天打碎了非常寒冷和灰色,当那个人偏离主要育空

trail and climbed the slope, where a dim and little-traveled trail led eastward through the 试验和爬上斜坡,在那里的是一个朦胧而过去向东穿过了踪迹

pine forest. The slope was steep, and he paused for breath at the top. There was no sun nor 松林之间。坡率陡峭,而且他停顿了一下喘不过气来保持最佳的状态。没有太阳和 hint of sun, though there was not a cloud in the sky. It was a clear day, and yet there 缕阳光,尽管他天空无云。这是一个晴朗的日子,但在那里

seemed to be a mist over the face of things, that made the day dark. This fact did not worry 似乎是一个蒙上了一层水汽表面看来,把这天黑暗。这个事实不担心

the man. He was used to the lack of sun.

那个人。他被用来缺乏阳光。

The man looked back along the way he had come. The Yukon River lay a mile wide and hidden

那人回头而且他已经来了。育空河打下英里宽藏起来了

under three feet of ice. On top of this ice were as many feet of snow. It was unbroken 以下3英尺的冰。这个世界上的冰一样多英尺的积雪。这是连续的

white, save for a dark hairline that was the trail that led south five hundred miles to the 白色的,除了一个黑暗的发际线了痕迹,向南延伸达500英里去的

Chilcoot Pass.

库特关口。

But all this—the mysterious, far-reaching hairline trail, the absence of sun from the sky, 但是,整个神秘,深远的发际线跟踪,没有太阳从天空,

the tremendous cold, and the strangeness and weirdness of it all—made no impression on the 巨大的冷的,陌生和怪异的没有什么印象all-made上了

man. He was a newcomer in the land and this was his first winter. The trouble with him was 的人。他是新来的人在这地,这是他的第一个冬天。他的问题

that he was without imagination. He was quick and alert in the things of life, but only in 他是缺乏想象力。他很快和警惕在生活的一切,但只有在

the things, and not in the significances. Fifty degrees below zero meant eighty-odd degrees 去吧,而不是在意义。意思eighty-odd零下五十度学位

of frost. Such fact impressed him as being cold and uncomfortable, and that was all. It did 霜。这样的事实了冷漠,而且不舒服,就这些。它并

not lead him to think about man 's weakness in general, able only to live within certain 不带他去思考男人的一般是脆弱,能够只活在确定的

narrow limits of heat and cold. Fifty degrees below zero stood for a bit of frost that hurt 限度窄的热量和冷。零下五度代表点冰霜伤害

and that must be guarded against by the use of thick, warm clothing. Fifty degrees below 必须提防,利用厚,暖和的衣服。50度以下

zero was to him just precisely fifty degrees below zero. That there should be anything more 零是他就精确50度零度以下。应该有其他东西了

to it than that was a thought that never entered his head.

可那是一个思想,从来没有进过他的头上。

As he turned to go on, he spat speculatively. There was a sharp, explosive crackle that 当他转身要走,他吐不确定。就有一个陡坡、易爆裂纹

startled him. He spat again. And again, in the air, before it could fall to the snow, the 他的震惊。他吐了。又一次,空气里之前,这可能下降至雪

spittle crackled. He knew that at fifty below spittle crackled on the snow, but this spittle 吐口唾沫裂了。他知道五十岁的唾沫在雪地上闪现下面,但这吐口唾沫

had crackled in the air. Undoubtedly it was colder than fifty below—how much colder he did 空气中闪现了。毫无疑问这个五十个更加寒冷below-how要冷得多了

not know. But the temperature did not matter. He was bound for the old mine on the left fork 不知道。但是温度还显得无关紧要。他注定的老我的左边叉子

of Henderson Creek where the boys were already. They had come over the hill from the Indian

汉德森的孩子们在小溪了。他们来了在山上从印度人

Creek country, while he had come the roundabout way to take a look at the possibilities of 小河的国家,虽然他来拐弯抹角看一看的可能性

getting out logs in the spring from the islands in the Yukon. He would be in to camp by six 走出木材来源于群岛的育空。他要在六营地

o'clock; a bit after dark, it was true, but the boys would be there, a fire would be going, 点,有点天黑之后,这是真的,但男孩们会去,火灾的去,

and a hot supper would be ready.

和热晚饭将为此做好准备。

He plunged in among the big pine trees. The trail w(转 载 于:wWw.cssYQ.COm 书 业 网:stains是什么意思)as faint. He was glad he was without a 他陷入水中在大松树。踪迹减弱了。他很高兴他没有

sled, traveling light. In fact, he carried nothing but the lunch wrapped in the

雪橇、旅游的光。事实上,他带着什么都是用午餐

handkerchief. He was surprised, however, at the cold. It certainly was cold, he concluded, 手帕。他很惊奇,然而,在寒冷。当然很冷,他总结道,

as he rubbed his numb nose and cheekbones with his gloved hand.

他又揉麻木,鼻子和颧骨和他"握"手。

Buzz-bombs和Doodlebugs

In 1944 I was a schoolboy of 15. I had not been in London during the Blitz of 1940-41, but I 我有一种自己还是高中生在1944年15。我没有在伦敦的在猛烈空袭期间,1940-41,但我 returned to the family home in South London in 1942 and went to school there. It has to be 回到家在伦敦南部1942年的今天,在那儿上学。它必须是

remembered that for nearly three years, from 1941 to 1944, there was almost no bombing at 想起了将近3年,从1941年至1944年,那时几乎没有什么轰炸

all. Then in February 1944 Germany launched what became known as the "little Blitz". This 所有的人。然后在1944年2月发射德国成为了所谓的“小闪电战”。这

went on for a few days, but was on nothing like the scale of the bombing of 1940-41, still 了几天,而在它一点都不像大规模的轰炸1940-41,还

less the massive Anglo-American air raids then being directed at Germany.

巨大的盎格鲁血统的美国人少空袭就被针对德国。

In June 1944 the first flying bombs fell on London; they were usually called "buzz-bombs" or 1944年6月份的一次飞行炸弹落在伦敦,他们常常被称为“buzz-bombs”或

"doodlebugs". It was not clear what they were at first, as they were obviously not dropped “doodlebugs”。目前尚不清楚他们在第一,正如显然他们没有下降

from a plane. Then it was understood that they were in effect self-propelled pilotless 从一架飞机。然后它是了解到他们是有效推进的无人驾驶

aircraft, which when they reached their maximum range would crash with their explosive load.

飞机,当他们到达其最大范围坠毁中他们爆炸性的负荷。

At first only one or two fell, but soon it became obvious that a regular bombardment was 起初只有一两跌倒了,但很快就变得越来越明显,一个好的轰炸

under way.

在进行中。

The most noticeable aspect of the doodlebugs was their sound, which was quite unlike any 最值得注意的方面是他们的声音doodlebugs,实在很不一样的

ordinary plane; it had a strange tearing and rasping sound, more like a motorcycle. It soon 普通飞机,它有一种奇特的声音,守护的眼泪及更像一个摩托车。很快就

acquired a disquieting and disturbing quality, and prompted unbecoming reactions. If the 获得了恶躁和不安的质量,促使“反应。如果

motor cut out when the weapon was approaching, then it was likely to drop nearby and one 当电机削减武器正在来临,然后它是有可能把附近的

tried to take shelter; if it continued its flight, one could feel relieved: someone else 试着去庇护;如果它继续其飞行中,一个人可以放心:别人

would be the victim. South London was on their regular flight path, and many of them fell 将受害者。伦敦南部在他们的正常航班的道路,也有许多人仆倒

nearby, causing damage and loss of life. Our house suffered broken glass and a ceiling down 在附近,造成的伤害及生命的损失。我们的房子遭受了碎玻璃和天花板下来

but no serious damage.

但伤势并不严重。

There was a particularly bad incident on 28th July 1944 when a flying bomb fell in the main 有一个特别恶劣事件1944年7月28日当飞行炸弹倒落在重要

shopping centre of Lewisham; it penetrated an air raid shelter, causing 51 deaths and many 购物中心的Lewisham,它的空袭了住所,造成51人死亡,很多

casualties. At about that time I was in a street about a quarter of a mile away, conscious 伤亡。那时我在大街上有25英里外,是有意识的

of all the nearby disturbance; what I remember most clearly was seeing bloodstains on the 所有的附近的干扰;我记得最清楚地看到血迹

pavement. Looking back, I am struck by the very matter-of-fact way in which at that age I 人行道上。回想一下,我是被很平静的讨论其他球队在那个年龄的

responded to all this.

对这一切。

In August 1944 I went to stay with an uncle who lived in a village near Canterbury in Kent.

在1944年8月我去留一个叔叔住在附近的村庄在肯特郡坎特伯雷。

This was out of the way of the flying bombs in one sense, as they were directed at London; 这是的方式飞行炸弹从某种意义上讲,因为他们是针对伦敦。

but they often passed overhead as the village was situated in what was called Doodlebug 但他们经常通过治理的村庄坐落也就是在所谓Doodlebug

Alley. Sometimes they would fall in the nearby fields, either because they had fallen short, 最拿手的。有时他们还会落在附近的领域,要么是因为他们没有达到,

or were shot down by fighters. The RAF brought the first jet fighters into operation to try 或被击落的战士。英国皇家空军了第一喷气式战斗机使用尝试

to catch them as they were much faster than piston-engined fighters. They would fly 捉到他们,因为他们远远超过piston-engined战士。他们将坐飞机

alongside them and flip their wing to spill them harmlessly into the open fields below. 在他们的飞翼,然后把他们田野里无害的下面。

I remember sitting on the North Downs with my cousin and his girl-friend, and seeing a 我记得有坐在北方与我的堂弟和他的女友,看见这有

fighter chasing a doodlebug. It crashed somewhere in the distance, which was an exciting 战士追逐doodlebug。它撞远处,这是一场令人兴奋的

spectacle, either shot down or tipped off course by the pursuing plane. Some of them failed 的景象,要么击落或偷了过程追赶的飞机。他们中的一些人没有

to explode and one was put on display at a store in Canterbury.

爆炸,其中一个被展出坎特伯雷一家礼品店里。

There is no doubt that these things did a great deal of damage in London within the space of 毫无疑问,这事一场巨大的破坏在伦敦的空间内

a few weeks. The allied armies were advancing on the launching sites in Northern France and 几个星期。多国部队在网站的发展在法国北部发射

Belgium, and there was concern that they would not get there in time to prevent more damage

比利时、有担心,自己也不能及时赶到那里阻止更多的伤害

and loss of life.

和人员伤亡。

Soon, however, they were replaced by the far more frightening V2 weapons. These were rockets

不久,然而,他们被更多的可怕的V2武器。这些都是火箭

proper, much larger and more destructive which gave no notice at all of their arrival, and 得当,大得多,且更具有破坏性,没有通知到达时,所有的

they continued to fall on London at intervals during the last winter of the war, 1944-45. 他们继续落在伦敦期间的最后一个冬天的间隔的战争,1944-45。

Unit 2

单元二

Atomic Cars

原子汽车

Every motorist dreams of a car of the future that does not have to be refuelled every few 每个司机的梦想未来的汽车,它不必被refuelled每隔几

hundred miles, a car that will cost little to run because there is no outlay on petrol.

100英里,一辆汽车那将花费小跑,因为没有经费油。

"Of course", you hear it said by an optimistic motorist, "the answer is the atom. Harness “当然”,你听到持乐观的司机,“回答是原子。治理

atomic power in a car, and you'll have no more worries about petrol. The thing will run for 原子能在一辆车里,你就不再担心汽油。将竞选的东西

years without a refill."

年却抓点药。”

And, theoretically, he is right. The answer is the atom. If atomic power could be used in a 而且,从理论上来讲,他是对的。答案是原子。如果原子力量能被用于

car, one small piece of uranium would keep the engine running for twenty or more years. Of 车,一件小的铀要保持发动机正在运转了20年或以上。的

course, this would cut the cost of running a car by quite a few hundred pounds, depending 历程,这将把运行成本相当一辆按不同,几百英镑

upon how much you spend on petrol.

在汽油花了多少钱。

But is this science-fiction-like picture of the atom exploding peacefully beneath the bonnet 但这是原子爆炸的照片science-fiction-like和平在阀盖

of a car possible? In theory it is, since already the atom has been harnessed to drive 一辆汽车可能吗?理论上说,既然已是推广香港的原子开车

submarines, and an atomic engine is already in existence. But, say the experts, there are 潜水艇和原子引擎已经存在。但是,专家们说,那儿有

many problems still to be conquered before such an engine can in fact be fixed into a car. 许多问题仍然是征服主动力前确实可以被固定到一辆汽车上。

Now what exactly are these problems that stand between you and a car that you will never 现在那是什么问题,站之间你和一辆车,你永远不会

have to refuel? Frankly, most of them can be summed up in one word—radiation. An atomic 需要加油吗?坦白地说,他们中的大多数可以归结为一个word-radiation。原子 reactor, the kind of engine that would produce energy by atom-splitting, throws off 反应堆,这种引擎,会产生能源atom-splitting、摔投了

radiation, extremely dangerous radiation. These rays are just as dangerous as when they are 辐射,非常危险的辐射。这些射线一样是危险的,因为当他们

released from an atomic bomb. This radiation penetrates anything except the thickest 释放原子弹。除了这种辐射穿透的前线

concrete and lead, with fatal results for anybody in its path. Thus, at the moment, any car 混凝土和领先,造成致命的结果对任何人和道路。因此,目前,任何的车

carrying an atomic engine would also have to carry many tons of lead in order to prevent the 带着原子引擎也必须携带大量吨的铅以防止

radiation from escaping.

辐射逃跑。

Since a car made up of tons of lead is rather impracticable, the only answer at the moment 既然一辆车由吨的铅是相当做不到的,唯一的答案的时候。

seems to be the discovery or invention of a metal that will be strong enough to hold in the 似乎是发现和发明出一种金属,这将成为一个坚强的人,能够保持

rays, but at the same time light enough for a vehicle to carry, with ease and economy. Most

篇三：纺织专业英语部分课文英汉对照翻译

目录

01课Cotton Growing棉花种植 ............................................................................................... 1

02课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途 ................................................................ 2

04课Wool羊毛 ......................................................................................................................... 3

05课 Structure and Properties of Wool羊毛纤维的结构和性能 ................................................. 5

06课 Silk丝绸 ......................................................................................................................... 7

07课Flax亚麻 ...................................................................................................................... 9

09课 Rayon人造丝 ............................................................................................................... 12

12课YARNS .......................................................................................................................... 13

13课纱线结构和织物外观的关系 ..................................................................................... 14

21课 精纺和粗纺 ................................................................................................................... 15

25课 络纱 ............................................................................................................................... 16

27课 整经 ............................................................................................................................... 18

33 课 织机 .............................................................................................................................. 24

40课 蓬勃发展的非织造布 ................................................................................................. 30

49课 染色 ............................................................................................................................. 32

第一课Cotton Growing

棉花种植

Cotton is the world's most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The price of cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.

棉花是世界上使用最广泛的纤维。它的流行源于它的生产及其在纺织产品广泛适用性相对容易。棉纱价格，然而，强烈地依赖于劳动力成本，因此，在工业化的国家，那里的劳动力昂贵，棉纱可能相对较高的价格。

Until relatively recent times, however, cotton was not as widely used as wool and linen. This was because it was easier to spin wool or flax into yam because of their greater length. In addition, cotton fibers have to be separated from the seeds to which they cling. This procedure was very tedious and time-consuming when done by hand. Early machinery could be used on only the longest staple cotton. So labor costs tended to be very high.

直到最近，然而，棉花是没有广泛用作羊毛和亚麻布。这是因为它容易被毛或亚麻纺成纱由于其更大的长度。此外，棉纤维要从种子中分离出来的，他们依靠。这个过程是非常繁琐和费时的，手工做的。早期的机器可以用在只有长纤维棉花。所以劳动力成本会很高。

The invention of the saw-type cotton gin made possible the exploitation of the short staple fiber, which thrived in the Carolinas and Virginia of the United States. The dramatic increase in productivity, coupled with the low cost of labor in the southern United States, gave cotton a continually expanding portion of the world textile market. Increasing mechanization of fiber and yarn production helped keep the cost of cotton goods low. The, development of the textile machinery enlarged the production base.

的锯片式轧棉机的发明使可能的短纤维的开发，兴盛于美国北卡罗莱纳州和弗吉尼亚州。生产率的急剧增加，加上在美国南部的人工成本低，给棉不断扩大在全球纺织市场部。机械化程度提高，纤维和纱线的生产使棉花的成本低的商品。纺织机械的发展，扩大了生产基地。

Cotton cultivation requires warm climates with a high level of moisture or irrigation. The growing season is from six to seven months long. During this period the seeds sprout and grow, producing a white blossom in about 100 days. The blossom produces a seed pod, which matures during the next two months. When the pod bursts, the cotton fibers are ready for picking.

棉花种植需要温暖的气候和水分或灌溉高水平。生长季节是从六到七个月。这一时期的种子发芽生长，在大约100天，产生白色花。当荚破裂，棉纤维是采摘。

Before yam manufacture, cotton is graded, sorted, and blended to insure uniform yam quality. Cotton is graded on the basis of color, staple length, fineness, and freedom from foreign matter. In the United States, cottons are divided into grades according to length of staple, uniformity, strength, color, cleanness and flexibility. These are compared with a standard supplied by the United States Department of Agriculture. The standard provides 6 grades above and 6 grades below the Middling grade. The most common grades are:

山药生产之前，棉花分级，分类，和混合均匀的纱线质量的保证。棉花是彩色的，依据梯度纤维长度，细度，和外来物质的自由。在美国，棉花分根据纤维的均匀性，强度，颜色，长度为等级，清洁和灵活性。这些都是由美国农业部提供一个标准的比较。本标准规定了6级以上，6级以下的中等。最常见的等级：

(1) Strict good middling.（1）严格的上级。

(2) Good middling. （2）上级。

(3) Strict middling. （3）严格的中等。

(4) Middling.（4）中。

(5) Strict low middling （5）严格的低中等

(6) Low middling. （6）低中等。

(7) Strict good ordinary. （7）严格好普通。

The cotton fiber may be from 0.3 to 5.5 cm long. Under the microscope it appears as a ribbon like structure that is twisted at irregular intervals along its length. The twists, called convolutions, increase the fiber-to-fiber friction necessary to secure a strong spun yarn. The fiber

ranges in color from a yellowish to pure white, and may be very lustrous. However, most cotton dull.

棉纤维可从0.3到5.5厘米长。在显微镜下看起来是一个带状结构，沿其长度不规则的时间间隔扭曲。曲曲折折的，称为卷积，增加纤维间的摩擦力要获得一个强有力的纱。从浅黄色到纯白色的纤维的范围，并可以很有光泽。然而，大多数棉花迟钝。

A cross-sectional view reveals that the fiber is kidney-shaped with central hollow core known as the lumen. The lumen provides a channel for nutrients while the plant is growing. The fiber consists of an outer shell, or cuticle, which surrounds the primary wall. The primary wall, in turn, covers the secondary wall surrounding the lumen. The cuticle is a thin, hard shell which protects the fiber from bruising and damage during growth. In use as a textile fiber, the cuticle provides abrasion resistance to cotton.

管腔提供养分的通道而植物的生长。纤维由外壳，或角质层，围绕初生壁。反过来，包括初生壁，管腔周围次生壁。角质层是薄的，坚硬的外壳保护纤维生长过程中的破碎和损伤。在用作纺织纤维，角质层提供了耐磨抗棉。

第二课Cotton Properties and Uses

棉纤维的特性和用途

A relatively high level of moisture absorption and good wicking properties help make cotton one of the more comfortable fibers. Because of the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose, cotton has a high attraction for water. As water enters the fiber, cotton swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. The high affinity for moisture and the ability to swell when wet allow cotton to absorb about one-fourth of its weight in water. This means that in hot weather perspiration from the body will be absorbed in cotton fabrics, transported along the yarns to the outer surface of the cloth and evaporated into the air. Thus, the body will be aided in maintaining its temperature.

吸湿性和良好的吸湿排汗性能使棉纤维的一个更舒适的一个比较高的水平。因为在纤维素的羟基基团，棉花对水有很强的吸引力。当水进入纤维棉，膨胀，其截面变得更圆。水分和膨胀时湿让棉花吸收水的重量约四分之一的高亲和力的能力。这意味着，在炎热的天气里，身体的汗会吸收棉织品，沿运纱布的外表面和蒸发到空气中。因此，身体会帮助维持其温度。

Unfortunately, the hydrophilic nature of cotton makes it susceptible to water-borne stains. Water-soluble colorants such as those in coffee or grape juice will penetrate the fiber along with the water; when the water evaporates, the colorant is trapped in the fiber. Perhaps the major disadvantage to cotton goods is their tendency to wrinkle and the difficulty of removing wrinkles. The rigidity of cotton fiber reduces the ability of yarns to resist wrinkling. When the fibers are bent to a new configuration, the hydrogen bonds which hold the cellulose chains together are ruptured and the molecules slide in order to minimize the stress within the fiber. The hydrogen bonds reform in the new positions, so that when the crushing force is removed the fibers stay in the new positions. It is the rupture and reformation of the hydrogen bonds that helps to maintain wrinkles, so that cotton goods must be ironed.

不幸的是，棉花的亲水性使得它容易受到水渍。如在咖啡或葡萄汁的水溶性色素会渗入纤维随着水；当水分蒸发，着色剂是困在纤维。也许主要的缺点，棉织品是他们的倾向，皱纹和去除皱纹的困难。棉纤维的刚度降低纱线抗起皱能力。当纤维弯曲的一种新的配置，氢债券持有的纤维素链在一起破裂和分子滑动以减少纤维中的应力。在新的位置的氢键的改革，所以当破碎力去除纤维保持在新的位置。这是氢键，有助于保持皱纹的断裂和改革，使棉织品要熨。

Cotton is a moderately strong fiber with good abrasion resistance and good dimensional stability. It is resistant to the acids, alkalies, and organic solvents normally available to consumers. But since it is a natural material, it is subject to attack by insects, molds and fungus. Most prominent is the tendency for cotton to mildew if allowed to remain damp.

棉花是具有良好的耐磨性和尺寸稳定性好，中等强度的纤维。这是抵抗酸，碱和有机溶剂，通常提供给消费者。但由于它是一种天然物质，它是受攻击的昆虫，霉菌和真菌。最突出的是棉花霉烂的倾向，如果允许存在潮湿。

Cotton resists sunlight and heat well, although direct exposure to constant strong sunlight will cause yellowing and eventual degradation of the fiber. Yellowing may also occur when cotton goods are dried in gas dryers. The color change is the result of a chemical reaction between cellulose and oxygen or nitrogen oxides in the hot air in the dryer. Cottons will retain their whiteness longer when line-dried or dried in the electric dryer.

棉花抗太阳光和热，虽然直接暴露于恒定的强烈的阳光会引起黄的最终降解纤维。变黄时也可能出现在气干燥器干燥棉织品。颜色的变化是一种化学反应的纤维素和氧或氮氧化物之间在热空气中干燥的结果。棉花将保留其白度较长时，线干或在电干燥器中干燥。

Of major interest is the fact that cotton yarn is stronger when wet than when dry. This property is a consequence of the macro-and micro-structural features of the fiber. As water is absorbed, the fiber swells and its cross section becomes more rounded. Usually the absorption of such a large amount of foreign material would cause a high degree of internal stress and lead to weakening of the fiber. In cotton, however, the absorption of water causes a decrease in the internal stresses. Thus, with less internal stresses to overcome, the swollen fiber becomes stronger. At the same time, the swollen fibers within the yarns press upon each other more strongly. The internal friction strengthens the yarns. In addition, the absorbed water acts as an internal lubricant which imparts a higher level of flexibility to the fibers. This accounts for the fact that cotton garments are more easily ironed when damp. Cotton fabrics are susceptible to shrinkage upon laundering.

主要感兴趣的是事实，棉纱时干时湿比。此属性的宏观和微观结构特征的纤维的结果。当水被吸收，纤维膨胀，其截面变得更圆。通常这种大量的外来物质的吸收会导致内部应力较高，导致纤维弱化。然而，棉花，水的吸收导致的内部应力减少。因此，减少内部应力来克服，肿胀的纤维变得更强。同时，在纱线溶胀纤维按对彼此更强烈。的内部摩擦增强纱线。此外，所吸收的水作为一个内部润滑剂，赋予纤维较高水平的灵活性。这说明棉花衣服更容易熨潮湿时。纯棉织物易收缩对洗钱。

Perhaps more than any other fiber, cotton satisfies the requirements of apparel, home furnishings, recreational, and industrial uses. It provides fabrics that are strong, lightweight, pliable, easily dried, and readily laundered. In apparel, cotton provides garments that are comfortable, readily dried in bright, long-lasting colors, and easy to care for. The major drawbacks are a propensity for cotton yams to shrink and for cotton cloth to wrinkle. Shrinkage may be controlled by the application of shrink-resistant finishes. Durable-press properties may be imparted by chemical treatment or by blending cotton with more wrinkle-resistant fibers, such as polyester.

也许比任何其他纤维，棉满足服装，家居家具，休闲的要求，和工业用途。它提供了强大的，面料轻薄，柔软，易干燥，易清洗。在服装，棉提供服装，舒适，容易干燥，在明亮的，持久的色彩，容易照顾。主要的缺点是一种棉纱和棉布收缩起皱的倾向。收缩可以由应用程序的控制防缩整理。免烫性能可以通过化学处理或由棉纤维混纺传授更多的抗皱，如涤纶。

In home furnishings, cotton serves in durable, general-service fabrics. Although they may lack the formal appearance of materials made from other fibers, cotton goods provide a comfortable, homey environment. Cotton fabrics have been the mainstay of bed linens and towels for decades, because they are comfortable, durable, and moisture-absorbent. Polyester/cotton blends provide the modern consumer with no-iron sheets and pillowcases that retain a crisp, fresh feel.

在居家摆设，耐用是棉花，织物一般服务。虽然他们可能缺乏来自其他纤维材料的形式出现，棉织品提供一个舒适，温馨的环境。棉织物一直是几十年来的床单和毛巾的支柱，因为他们是舒适，耐用，和吸湿剂。涤/棉混纺织物提供没有铁的床单和枕套，保持一个清晰的现代消费，新鲜的感觉。

For recreational use, cotton has traditionally been used for tenting and camping gear, boat sails, tennis shoes and sportswear. Cotton is particularly well-suited for tent. A tent fabric must be able to "breath", so that the occupants are not smothered in their own carbon dioxide. Furthermore, exchange of air with the outside atmosphere reduces the humidity within the tent and keeps it from becoming stuffy. Fabrics woven from cotton can be open enough to provide good air permeability for comfort. Tents should also shed water, when wet by rain, cotton yarns swell, reducing the interstices between the yarns and resisting the penetration of water. Today, however, heavy canvas gear is being supplanted by light-weight nylon in tenting equipment.

用于娱乐用途，棉花已被用于帐篷和野营装备，船帆，运动鞋和运动服。棉花是特别适合的帐篷。一个帐篷织物必须能够“呼吸”，让居住者不被自己的二氧化碳。此外，与外界空气交换减少湿度在帐篷和使它变得闷。机织物棉可以打开足够舒适，提供良好的透气性。帐篷也流下的水，当被雨水打湿，棉纱膨胀，降低纱线和抗水渗透之间的间隙。今天，然而，沉重的帆布齿轮被取代的轻质尼龙检测设备。

Cotton cord, twine and ropes are used in industry to bind, hold, and lash all kinds of things, from bales to boats. Cotton yarns are used to reinforce belts on drive motors and in work clothing.

棉绳，绳和绳行业中使用的绑定，持有，鞭笞和各种各样的东西，从包船。棉纱是用来加强对驱动电机和工作服带。

第四课 Wool

羊毛

The early history of wool is lost in antiquity. Sheepskin, including the hair, was probably used long before it was discovered that

the fibers could be spun into yarns or even felted into fabric. There is no evidence to support the theory that wool was the first fiber to be processed into fabric, but it seems certain that, as a part of the skin, wool was used for covering and protection by prehistoric peoples long before yarns and fabrics were made.

羊毛的早期历史失传了。羊皮，包括头发，可能很久以前发现的纤维可纺成纱线或织成织物毡。没有证据支持，羊毛被加工成的织物的第一光纤的理论，但似乎肯定的是，作为皮肤的一部分，羊毛被用于覆盖和保护的史前人类早在纱线和织物进行了。

The earliest fragments of wool fabric have been found in Egypt, probably because of the preserving qualities of the climate. These have been dated from 4000 to 3500 B C. The earliest example of wool fabric found in Europe has been dated about 1500 B C; it was unearthed in archeological digs in Germany. Danish sites have yielded excellent fragments of early wool fabrics dated about 1300 to 1000 BC. These fabrics are rough and coarse and contain considerable wild sheep hair.

毛织物最早的碎片已经被发现在埃及，可能是因为保鲜品质的气候。这些已经从公元前4000到公元前3500 。最早的羊毛织物的发现在欧洲已经于约公元前1500 ；这是出土的考古发掘，在德国。丹麦的网站已经取得了优良的片段的早期的羊毛织物约公元前1300至公元前1000年。这些织物粗糙，含有大量的野生绵羊毛。

Wool is a natural fiber of animal origin. Though vegetable fibers were probably the first to be used for spinning and weaving into cloth, animal fibers in the form of skins were the earliest type of clothing worn by man.

羊毛是来自于动物的天然纤维。尽管植物纤维可能被用于纺纱和织布的第一，在动物毛皮纤维最早的人穿的服装类型。

There are indications that, as early as the seventh century BC, people began to sell and buy woolen goods. The supply of wool available to the world every year amounts to about 5000 millionpounds. After scouring, this is reduced to about 3000 million pounds of pure wool. The wool crop is insufficient to meet the world needs. Pure wool is often mixed with other type fibers and recovered wool to meet the demand.

有迹象表明，早在公元前第七世纪，人们开始买卖毛织品。羊毛每年向世界供应量的大约500千万磅。冲刷后，这是减少到大约300千万磅的纯羊毛。羊毛的产量不能满足世界的需要。纯羊毛通常与其它纤维的混合和再生毛满足需求。

The qualities of different wools vary greatly. The merino sheep of Australia, South America and South Africa produce very free and soft wool. The quality of wool from these sources depends upon the conditions and heritage of the sheep. Port Philip wool is the finest in Australia and is used to produce the highest quality woolen and worsted fabrics.

不同品种的羊毛在质量上存在较大的差异。澳大利亚细毛羊，南美国和南非产生非常自由和柔软的羊毛。从这些来源的羊毛的质量取决于羊的饲养条件和品种。菲利普港羊毛是澳大利亚最好的，被用于生产粗纺和精纺毛织物质量最高的。

Wool from South Africa is very wavy with a good white color and is used for good quality worsted and woolen goods. South American wool is usually of lower quality than wool from Australia or South Africa. Merino wool has been successfully raised in Germany, France, Spain and the United States and is of high quality.

南非产的羊毛是一个好的白色非常波浪和用于优质的精纺呢绒。南美洲羊毛通常是低质量比从澳大利亚或南非羊毛。美利奴羊毛已在德国，成功地提高了法国，西班牙和美国是高质量的。

To provide the freest-quality wool, production is scientifically controlled. Sheep are inoculated against disease, dipped in chemicals to protect them against insects, and unless on rangeland, fed diet designed to produce healthy animals.

提供最优质的羊毛，生产的科学控制。绵羊接种抵抗疾病，浸泡在化学物质来保护他们免受昆虫，除非在草地，设计生产出健康的动物饲料。

Wool can be sheared from the living animal or pulled from the hide after the animal has been slaughtered for its meat. Sheared wool is called fleece or clip wool and is quality to pulled wool, which is taken from the hides of slaughtered sheep Wool considered superior

剪羊毛可以从活的动物或从隐藏拉后，动物被屠宰后的肉。剪羊毛是羊毛或羊毛和质量夹毛被，这是从宰羊羊毛被认为是优越的隐藏

Shearing is currently done very rapidly with power shears. A good worker can completely shear a sheep in less than one minute, sometimes as short as 20 seconds. Recent developments in Australia have led to a process called chemical or biological shearing. The animal is