design造句
篇一：英语词汇造句
10-20
1、slap on: to suddenly announce a new charge, tax etc or say that something is not allowed-especially when you think this is unfair 强加在…上
2、stake out: to state your opinions about something in a way that shows how your ideas are clearly separate from other people’s ideas 明确表明，清楚界定（立场，要求等）
3、doom: to make someone or something certain to fail, die be destroyed etc. 使…失败，毁灭
4、orchestrate: to organize an important event or a complicated plan, especially secretly 策划，精心安排
5、meddle in: to deliberately try to influence or change a situation that does not concern you, or that you do not understand干预，管闲事 =interfere in
1.
① The serial killer wanted to find a scapegoat and slapped all his crimes on the poor scapegoat, so that he could stop escaping from the police.
② To guarantee profits, merchants usually slap taxes on customers by increase prices.
2. stake out 明确表明，清楚界定（立场，要求等）
① When you face a matter of principle, you have to stake out your own position first.
② She decided to stake out a clear position, drawing a line between she and the terrorist organization.
3.
① The failure of the war has virtually doomed the whole nation.
② Once the Sun explodes, the Earth will be doomed in an instant.
4. ① To give her wife a surprise for her birthday, the husband orchestrate a big party collaboratively with their friends.
② They have been orchestrate the stage play for two months, aiming to bring a wonderful show for audiences.
5. ① No country are allowed to meddle in domestic affairs of other countries with permissions of the United Nation.
② Mr. Smith is considered a meddler who likes meddling in other people’s business.
10-21
1.step through 跨进
例. My heartbeat slows as I step through the locked security gate and walk back towards the largest part of the nuclear plant: the power-generating room.
2.dispute 辩论，怀疑
例. He disputed the allegations.
3.set aside 搁置 把…抛在脑后
例.He urged the participants to set aside minor differences for the sake of achieving peace.
他敦促与会者把小分歧抛于脑后，以求实现和平。
4.witness 目击
例. Anyone who witnessed the attack should call the police.
任何目睹了那场攻击的人都应该报警。
5.wash over (情绪)突然而深刻地袭来
1.
① Stepping through the gate means opening a new chapter of my life.
② You are supposed to take off your shoes before stepping through the door.
2.
① As house prices is soaring rapidly, people start to dispute the effectiveness of government’s house pricing regulation.
② In the court, the plaintiff’s（原告）lawyer dispute the testimony（证词）presented by the defendant’s lawyer.
3.
① Let’s set aside all assignments and make an outing this weekend for relaxation.
② Having set aside tasks of his position, he was able to throw himself into preparing the examination.
4.
① Yesterday my friend and I witnessed a serious car accident happening.
② We are so proud of witnessing the rise of China as a global power.
5.
① When he was told that his friend was killed in an serious car accident, grief washed over him.
② Relief washed over him as the exam was drawing to a close.
10-22
1. Strip: to remove a layer from sth, especially so that it is completely exposed.
v. 除去、剥去（一层）；（尤指）剥光
2. Appalled: feeling or showing horror or disgust at sth unpleasant or wrong.
adj. 感到惊骇的；
3. Account for: to be a particular amount or part of sth.
（数量上、比例上）占；
4. A host of: a large number of people or things.
许多、大量；
5. Aggravate: to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse.
v. 使严重、使恶化；
1.
① As soon as the guest gave him a gift, he stripped the packaging and open the box to see what was it.
② Strip the earth on the surface and you will see the treasure box.
2.
① He was appalled to know that Ebola has took away 800 people’s lives in four countries of Africa.
② Many young people feel appalled when they learn that a multitude of literatus suffered brutally persecution during the Cultural Revolution.
3.
① According to a survey carried out by Institution of National Health and Nutrition from 2009 to 2010, in American adults, obese people account for more than 35 percent.
② The 2013 global market share of Samsung smartphone accounts for 31 percent, which is smartphone with most sales in the world.
4. ① A host of experiments show that smoking can increase risk of lung cancer.
② A host of people waited outside the Apple Stores to buy up Iphone6 on the first day when they were available.
5. ① We should boycotting using refrigerators with Freon for the reason that Freon（氟利昂）aggravates damage of ozone sphere.
② Many young people have formed a bad habit of being night owls（夜猫子），which aggravates degeneration of their physical functions.
10-23
1. sit in 坐落于: to be in a particular position
The village sits at/in the bottom of a valley.
2. cover the cost of足够支付: to be enough money to pay for something The selling price barely covered the cost of the raw materials.
3. tiny微小的: extremely small
Though Peggic was tiny, she had a very loud voice.
4. perceive as视作: understand or think of something or someone in a particular way Even as a young woman she had been perceived as a future chief executive.
5. gnaw困扰、折磨:to make you feel anxious or uncomfortable
The feeling that I've forgotten something has been gnawing at me all day.
坐落于
① Eiffel Tower sites in the Champ de Mars, which is the highest building in Paris. ② Sitting at the downtown, this upscale house has very convenient traffic. 足够支付
① I worked part-time and earned 2000 dollars during summer holidays, which can cover the cost of my tuition fee.
② The money we prepare for this journey covers the cost of transportation, tickets and lodging and food. 微小的
① Bacteria is too tiny to be seen with naked eyes.
② When we look up at the stars, they are just tiny bright spots which are actually enormous planets. 视作
① Leonardo Da Vinci is perceived as an outstanding prodigy in the renaissance.
② With gorgeous seascape and distinctive equatorial scenery, Maldives is perceived as one of the most beautiful country in the world. 困扰、折磨
① I stayed awake the whole night because his loud snoring gnaws me.
② My grandmother has been gnawed by rheumatism for many years.
10-24
1、 ：refuse to accept that sth unpleasant is ture否认（令人不快、痛苦的事）
eg:The patient is still in denial about his lung cancer.
病人仍然拒不接受他患有肺癌的现实。
2、 having started已经开始，在进行中
eg: Preparations are well underway for a week of special events in May.
五月份特别活动周的准备工作已经顺利开展。
3、 ：[VN]to organize the different parts of an activity and the people involed in it so that it works well使协调，使相配合
eg: They appointed a new manager to coordinate the work of the team.
为了协调这个队的工作，他们任用了一位新经理。
4、 to make progress (further than others have done)走在…前面，领先，
胜过
eg：He soon got ahead of the others in his class.
他很快就在班上名列前茅了。
5、 到了
eg: On to the next crisis.
到了下一个危机。
1. be in denial about 否认（令人不快、痛苦的事）
① He was in denial about the doctor’s diagnose of leukemia.
② The government was in denial about their dereliction of duty（失职）in failing to carry out effective and timey rescue when earthquake struck the area.
2. be underway(also under way) to do th/for sth已经开始，在进行中 ① A new series of economic reforms are underway to revive the national economy
② The graphic design challenge is underway to offer a chance for designers to win a qualification for design study in the University of the Arts London.
3. Coordinate 使协调，使相配合
① As a manager in the company, you are supposed to be good at coordinating work between different departments.
② College students should well coordinate study and student work.
4. get ahead of 走在…前面，领先，胜过
① It is vital for our company to high-end product which can get ahead of all existed products if we want to build the majority of market share.
② With the fiercer and fiercer job competition, college students should constantly upgrade themselves to get ahead of others.
5. On to到了
① After finishing all of the preparations and then we can be on to the next step.
② On to the next topic, we will talk about the freedom of speech in the USA.
10-25
1. cause loss, damage, etc. 造成损失、毁坏等；
e.g. Illness has taken a heavy toll on her. 疾病对她的身体造成了极大的损害。
2. adj. having a particular, important or conclusive effect. 有特殊、重
要或决定性效果的
e.g. The injury to their key player could be a decisive factor in the game. 他们主力队员受伤可能是这场比赛决定胜负的因素
3. n. [C]thing granted or yielded, esp after discussion, an argument,
etc. 妥协，让步（尤指经协商或辩论等）
e.g. Employers made concessions to the workers in negotiation.资方在与工人谈判中
篇二：TOEFL 口语词汇造句 D
D
1. damage
n. 损坏；伤害
The items were carefully wrapped to protect them from damage during shipping.
The city sustained heavy damage during the war.
Fortunately the boat suffered no serious damage in the storm.
The fall caused considerable damage to her knee.
The disease is known to cause permanent brain damage.
The scandal caused significant damage to her career.
You've said enough. Please leave before you do any more damage.
He tried to repair the damage by apologizing, but it was too late.
He apologized, but the damage was already done.
v. 损害
Please return any items that are damaged during shipping.
Many homes were damaged or completely destroyed in the fire.
The fall severely damaged her knee.
Smoking can seriously damage your lungs.
The scandal significantly damaged her career.
This news will undoubtedly damage the governor's reputation.
He was worried that his comments had seriously damaged their relationship.
He's trying to repair his damaged reputation.
2. danger n. 危险，危险物，威胁
I was unaware of the danger that lay ahead.
She was fearless in the face of danger.
The sign on the door read “Danger. Keep out.”
There's less danger that you'll lose your money if you have a wide variety of investments. There's a danger that your apology will be taken as a sign of weakness.
The danger is that we'll become careless as the process becomes more familiar.
It's important to teach your children about the dangers of smoking.
Here is a list of possible dangers associated with the procedure.
We believe it poses a serious danger to our national security.
3. death n. 死；死亡
birth, life, and eventual death
The newspaper did not report the cause of death.
People around the world mourned his death.
The accident resulted in two deaths.
The number of deaths from cancer is rising.
He died a violent death.
There has been a death in the family.
The general met his death on the battlefield.
the death of a marriage
Death could be seen lurking in the corner of the painting.
4. debt
He is trying to pay off gambling debts.
The company has run up huge debts.
Their debts are piling up.
He's been working three jobs in an attempt to get out of debt.
The company was in debt but is now turning a profit.
I am deep in debt.
I'm thousands of dollars in debt.
She went into debt to pay for college.
I'm worried that we will fall into debt.
5. decision
She announced her decision to go to medical school.
Have you made a decision?
He based his decision on facts, not emotions.
She made a conscious decision to leave the painting unfinished.
We need someone who will act with decision even under pressure.
The U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision brought an end to racial segregation in public
schools.
6. degree
1> 度数 Her math is advanced by degrees
2> 学位 the Bachelor degree; the Master degree
3> 地方 people of low degree
7. design
n. 设计，图案
There are problems with the design of the airplane's landing gear.
I like the design of the textbook.
I love the sculpture's design.
The machine had a flawed design.
the design and development of new products
Correcting mistakes is part of the design process.
a number of design concepts
v. 设计；计划
A team of engineers designed the new engine.
Who designed the book's cover?
He designed the chair to adjust automatically.
They thought they could design the perfect crime.
design a strategy for battle
8. desire
Vt. 期望，希望
He desired her approval more than anything.
The apartment has modern amenities [?'mi:n?ti, ?'men-]便利设施, a great
location—everything you could desire.
She knew that men still desired her.
n. 愿望；心愿
Desire is a common theme is music and literature.
The magazine tries to attend to the needs and desires of its readers.
Both sides feel a real desire for peace.
His decisions are guided by his desire for land.
They expressed a desire to go with us.
They have a desire to have children.
a strong desire to travel around the world
He was overcome with desire for her.
9. destruction
n. 破坏；毁灭
War results in death and widespread destruction.
We are trying to save the building from destruction.
10. detail
n. 细节；详情
Every detail of the wedding was carefully planned.
They designed every detail of the house.
the wooden box's fine carved detail
We admired the detail of the artist's work.
The job requires attention to detail.
The article provides further details.
You left out an important detail about their new baby: is it a girl or boy?
The novel is full of historical details.
The book includes a wealth of detail on living conditions aboard ships at that time. The novel is full of historical detail.
v. 详述；细说
The book details the series of events that led to the tragedy.
She wrote a letter detailing her complaints.
The Army has detailed him to investigate the complaints.
11. development
Good nutrition is important for proper muscle development.
The company offers many opportunities for professional development.
The software is still in the early stages of development.
I try to keep up with the latest developments in computer technology.
Have there been any new developments in the case?
12. digestion n. 消化力；领悟
an enzyme that aids in the digestion of protein
She began to suffer from poor digestion as she grew older.
13. direction n. 方向，指导，趋势
The army attacked from three different directions.
Down the road, he could see a bus coming from the opposite direction.
The wind changed direction and started blowing in our faces.
Carefully read the directions before you begin the test.
Directions appear on the package.
We had to stop to ask for directions to the beach.
Excuse me. Could you please give me directions to the movie theater?
He was put in charge and given overall direction of the program.
Twenty-three employees work under her direction.
Several nurses working under the direction of this doctor have made complaints.
14， discovery n. 发现；发现的东西
Scientists announced the discovery of a new species of plant.
Her research led to a number of important discoveries about the disease.
Reporters made the shocking discovery that the governor had been unfaithful to his wife. the discovery of pollution in the river
the discovery of a talented musician
sailors during the age of discovery
It was one of the most important discoveries in the history of medicine.
15. discussion
The class was involved in a heated discussion about politics.
I hope to have a discussion with them about the matter soon.
After much discussion of the plan, the idea was rejected entirely.
During the period under discussion, the town grew in size.
The smoking ban is a major topic of discussion these days.
The article is an in-depth discussion of his theories.
The first chapter includes a discussion of childcare issues.
16. disease
He suffers from a rare genetic disease.
a disease of the mind
Thousands die of heart disease each year.
They are working to stop the spread of disease in rural areas.
The article cites intolerance as one of the most dangerous of society's diseases.
He sees crime as a disease that too often plagues the poor and disadvantaged.
17. disgust
n. 厌恶，嫌恶
He eyed the greasy food with disgust.
As the smell of garbage drifted through the air, she wrinkled her nose in disgust.
He talked about his disgust with the way the news media focuses on celebrities.
Much to the disgust of some listeners, the speech was interrupted several times by a few
people in the audience.
She shook her head in disgust when I described the scene.
v. 使作呕
She's a vegetarian because the idea of eating meat totally disgusts her.
The photographs disgust some people.
18. distance n.距离；远离
What is the distance between the Earth and the Sun?
The gas station is a short distance away.
Speed is measured in time and distance.
She kept the children a safe distance from the road.
The sign was hard to read from a distance.
We followed them at a distance. 在远处
She feels a distance from her brother that wasn't there before.
Although they were once good friends, there was now considerable distance between them. He wants to put distance between himself and his former boss.
19. distribution n. 分配，分发；配给物
The group collects food and clothing for distribution to needy families.
The distribution of paychecks will happen every other Friday.
The university does not permit distribution of leaflets on campus.
She was responsible for product distribution.
The company handles the distribution of goods to stores nationwide.
He complained that the distribution of work was unfair.
He studies the distributions of wildcats in North America.
The new design provides better weight distribution.
20. division n. 分开；分割
the process of cell division
a division of profits into equal shares
After learning multiplication, the students were taught division.
21. doubt
Vt. 怀疑；不信
I have always doubted the existence of life on other planets.
No one doubts that the mission will be a success.
I seriously doubt my parents will let me go.
“Do you think you can come tonight?” “I doubt it.”
She doubted his ability to succeed.
He said he could do it, but I couldn't help doubting him.
篇三：单词造句句子
7000雅思词汇用100个句子记完！
1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope， or pronghorn.
1. 美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。
2. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986， how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？
3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear， happiness， sadness， and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
3. 人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。
4. Because of its irritating effect on humans，the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
4. 由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
5. In group to remain in existence，a profit-making organization must， in the long run， produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
5. 任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6. The greater the population there is in a locality; the greater the need there is for water，transportation， and disposal of refuse.
6. 一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
7. It is more difficult to write simply， directly， and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
7. 简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
- 1 -
8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized， designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer， less severe interiors.
8. 随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。
9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
9. 诽谤和流言的区别在于前者是书面的，而后者是口头的。
10. The knee is the joints where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
10. 膝盖是大腿骨和小腿胫的连接处。
11. Acids are chemical compounds that， in water solution， have a sharp taste，a corrosive action on metals， and the ability to turn certain blue vegetable dyes red.
11. 酸是一种化合物，它在溶于水时具有强烈的气味和对金属的腐蚀性，并且能够使某些蓝色植物染料变红。
12. Billie Holiday’s reputation as a great jazz-blues singer rests on her ability to give emotional depth to her songs.
12. Billie Holiday’s作为一个爵士布鲁斯乐杰出歌手的名声建立在能够赋予歌曲感情深度的能力。
13. Essentially， a theory is an abstract， symbolic representation of what is conceived to be reality.
13. 理论在本质上是对认识了的现实的一种抽象和符号化的表达。
14. Long before children are able to speak or understand a language， they communicate through facial expressions and by making noises.
14. 儿童在能说或能听懂语言之前，很久就会通过面部表情和靠发出噪声来与人交流了。
15. Thanks to modern irrigation， crops now grow abundantly in areas where once nothing but cacti and sagebrush could live.
- 2 -
15. 受当代灌溉(技术设施)之赐，农作物在原来只有仙人掌和荞属科植物才能生存的地方旺盛的生长。
16. The development of mechanical timepieces spurred the search for more accurate sundials with which to regulate them.
16. 机械计时器的发展促使人们寻求更精确的日晷，以便校准机械计时器。
17. Anthropology is a science in that anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.
17. 人类学是一门科学，因为人类学家采用一整套强有力的方法和技术来记录观测结果，而这样记录下来的观测结果是供他人核查的。
18. Fungi are important in the process of decay，which returns ingredients to the soil， enhances soil fertility， and decomposes animal debris.
18. 真菌在腐化过程中十分重要，而腐化过程将化学物质回馈于土壤，提高其肥力，并分解动物粪便。
19. When it is struck ， a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone，retaining its pitch over a long period of time.
19. 音叉被敲击时，产生几乎纯质的音调，其音量经久不衰。
20. Although pecans are most plentiful in the southeastern part of the United States， they are found as far north as Ohio and Illinois.
20. 虽然美洲山河桃树最集中于美国的东南部但是在北至俄亥俄州及伊利诺州也能看见它们。
21. Eliminating problems by transferring the blame to others is often called scape-goating.
21. 用怪罪别人的办法来解决问题通常被称为寻找替罪羊。
22. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on what grows best in its climate and soil.
22. 一个国家的主要食物是什么，大体取决于什么作物在其天气和土壤条件下生长得最好。
- 3 -
23. Over a very large number of trials， the probability of an event’s occurring is equal to the probability that it will not occur.
23. 在大量的实验中，某一事件发生的几率等于它不发生的几率。
24. Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.
24. 大多数物质遇冷收缩，所以他们的密度在固态时高于液态。
25. The mechanism by which brain cells store memories is not clearly understood.
25. 大脑细胞储存记忆的机理并不为人明白。
26. By the middle of the twentieth century， painters and sculptors in the United States had begun to exert a great worldwide influence over art.
26. 到了二十一世纪中叶，美国画家和雕塑家开始在世界范围内对艺术产生重大影响。
27. In the eastern part of New Jersey lies the city of Elizabeth，a major shipping and manufacturing center.
27. 伊丽莎白市，一个重要的航运和制造业中心，坐落于新泽西州的东部。
28. Elizabeth Blackwell， the first woman medical doctor in the United States， founded the New York Infirmary， an institution that has always had a completely female medical staff.
28. Elizabeth Blackwell，美国第一个女医生，创建了员工一直为女性纽约诊所。
29. Alexander Graham Bell once told his family that he would rather be remembered as a teacher of the deaf than as the inventor of the telephone.
29. Alexander Graham Bell曾告诉家人，他更愿意让后人记住他是聋子的老师，而非电话的发明者。
30. Because its leaves remain green long after being picked， rosemary became associated with the idea of remembrance.
30. 采摘下的迷迭香树叶常绿不衰，因此人们把迷迭香树与怀念联系在一起。
- 4 -
篇四：设计与艺术论
设计与艺术论
摘 要：今天，我们生活在一个充满设计魅力的时代，设计已覆盖了我们生活的方方面面，
衣、食、住、行、用等人类生活的各个领域都无不凸显设计的痕迹。 小到玲珑精巧的家居摆设，大到秩序井然的城市环境；这是现代设计的成果结晶。可以说，设计无处不在，无所不包，从物质世界到精神领域，从生活形态到文化观念，我们离不开设计，设计与我们的生活形影不离，它既是人类生活不可分割的一部分，又不断改善我们的生活质量，优化我们的生活空间。
关键词：包豪斯 设计艺术 传统艺术 纯艺术
一、设计概念的由来
设计，在汉语中最基本的含义是设想和计划。《现代汉语词典》将“设计”解释为：“在正式做某项工作之前，根据一定的目的要求，预先制定方法、图样等。”在这里，“设”有设立、布置、筹划、设想等含义，“计”有计算、测量、计划、策划等含义。
设计，英语为design。《牛津大辞典》将design的语义分为动词和名词两部分，作为名词的语义，一是心理计划，指思维中形式并准备实现的计划；二是艺术中的计划，指画草图和效果图等。作为动词有做记号、制定计划之意。
由此看来，汉语中的“设计”与英语“design”在本质上是一致的。从广义上讲设计就是设想、筹划、计划和预算，它是人类为实现某种目的而进行的创造性活动。从狭义上讲，是与艺术设计相关的计划与设计。
二、设计与艺术的发展关系
设计与艺术之间，从一开始就有一座互通的桥梁。随着社会的高速发展、边缘学科的渗透、科学化程度的普及与提高，他们的关系越来越密切，任何真正的富有创造性的设计都必然渗透、交织和表现美。对设计和美没有深刻的认识，是不会成就真正有创造力和感染力的设计作品的。
设计所致力的目标是人们日常生活得功能性和物质性，艺术则是超越日常的物质生活，是一种情感性和精神性的存在。无论是作为精神存在的艺术，还是面向人们的生活世界的设计，它们都是人类的伟大创造，它们都关注人类更加美好的生存方式和生活方式。艺术化得设计和设计的艺术化，这是未来的设计与艺术共存之路。
18世纪时，随着近代哲学和自然科学的发展，美学作为一门独立学科从哲学中分离出来，其研究对象和范围日渐拓展扩大，艺术被分为优美艺术和实用艺术两大类，前者指绘画、文学、音乐、雕塑等，后者主要是指
设计特征较鲜明的艺术工艺、建筑等。
美国美学家罗宾。乔治·科林伍德在他的《艺术原理》一书中，对艺术和技术作了严格区分，并对技艺作这样解释：技艺总是涉及手段和目的之间的区别，两者清楚地被看作是互相区别而又彼此关联的东西。“手段”泛指被用来达到目的的东西，如工具、机器、燃料等。
技艺涉及计划与执行之间的区别，执行的结果必须在获得之前就已经设想和考虑好，工匠在制作之前就应该知道要制作什么东西。这里所提到的“计划”、“设想”，其实质就是我们今天所说的“设计”，两者仅仅在措词造句上有差异。科学美学的创始人美国美学家托马斯·门罗就认为艺术将在更大程度上被当作一种技术。中国现代画家吴冠中在他的Ⅸ生命的风景》一书中就多次说到他其实不过是一个手艺人。事实证明，很多艺术类型都需要技艺来建构艺术世界，对此，美学家苏珊·朗格在((感情与形式》一书中说，艺术所有表现形
式的创造都是一种技术。所以，艺术发展的一般进程是与实际技艺——建筑、制陶、纺织、雕刻以及通常文明人难以理解其重要性的巫术活动紧密相关的。设计是创造表现形式的手段，创造感觉符号的手段；设计过程是达到以上目的而对人类技能的某种应用。艺术从发生、发展以来，它的每一道痕迹，无不与技术的进步有千丝万缕的联系，无数中外工艺品无不体现着人类发展过程中所蕴含的设计、构思的智慧和才华。
艺术与设计发展到16世纪末，在相当长的一段历史时期内几乎是融为一体的，是统一的。到17世纪初期，艺术与设计呈现分离趋势，特别是西方工业革命以来，为生产而生产的粗糙的机器制品，充斥着人们的生活，导致了莫里斯的“艺术与手工运动”兴起。格罗皮乌斯创立了包豪斯学院，他们都不满艺术与技术的分离状态，强调艺术与设计的统一。包豪斯宣言中明确指出：艺术不是一种专门职业。艺术家和工艺技艺之间根本没有任何区别，艺术家只是一个得意忘形的工艺技艺……让我们建立一个新的设计家组织，在这个组织里面，绝对没有那种使工艺技艺与艺术家之间树立起大障壁的观念。同时，让我们创造出一幢将建筑、雕刻、绘画结合成三
位一体的未来的殿章，并用千百万艺术工作者的双手将之矗立在云霄高处，变成一种新信念的鲜明标志。“艺术与设计”的统一，是包豪斯最为重要的设计理念之一。
三、纯艺术与设计艺术
所谓“纯艺术”是相对于具有实用功能的设计艺术形态而言的造型艺术，包括绘画、雕塑、书法等艺术门类，绘画又包括了优化、版画、水粉画、中国画、壁画等各种人类.，有些画的实用性也是显见的，如宣传画。这些所谓的纯艺术都具有欣赏、教育等功能，这些功能也可以说是实用功能，但与设计产品的实用功能相比，又有着很大的差别。因此，艺术类的划分只能是相对的，没有绝对标准与法则。
纯艺术与设计艺术是艺术范畴中两种不同的艺术形态，是人类创造的
又为人类不同需要而设立，各有所长，各有分工而又互相联系的艺术分类。从艺术本质上看，纯艺术更好的体现了艺术本质的一面，而设计艺术既有艺术的一面又有非艺术的一面，它是纯艺术与生活之间的一个中间环节。当现代设计成为一门独立的艺术学科后，原先的工艺美术实际已成了传统工艺美术及手工艺术的代名词，如景泰蓝等传统手工艺术在现代生活中其实用功能日益弱化，完全变成了陈设的，欣赏的艺术品了。因此，这样的工艺美术已经被艺术化，成为了纯艺术中的特殊艺术。四、艺术与设计相互影响
艺术对设计最直接的影响在于设计对艺术造型语言的借鉴。设计对艺术的借鉴具有选择性和改造性。我们可以从德国包豪斯学院的设计对艺术造型方法的借鉴过程中得到启示。包豪斯学院的奠基者——德国著名建筑设计师、设计理论家沃尔特 格罗佩斯在《包豪斯宣言》中明确提出：“艺术家的感觉与技术人员的知识必须结合，以创造出建筑与设计的新形式。”事实上，包豪斯除了提出现代设计教育的结构基础外，还开创了设计形式上的重大改革。由依顿、康定斯基等“形式导师”开设的基础课，直到今天仍为世界上各个设计院校的设计基础课程。所谓基础课包括对平面和立体结构的研究，对材料的研究和对色彩的研究三部分。它的独特之处在于形式教育被建立在科学、理性分析的基础上，而不仅仅基于艺术家个人的、瞬间的灵感冲动；强调形式和色彩的系统研究，这种建立在理论分析的基础上的对色彩、形式规律的探讨无疑更适合于批量化的大工业生产和现代设计。
设计对于传统艺术的影响首先表现在艺术观念上。传统艺术观念将艺术的世界与现实的世界隔离开来，强调艺术世界的理想性；而现代大工业生产则将人类物质生活不断向精神领域扩展。在这种环境下成长起来的现代艺术刻意模糊艺术与生活的界限。设计对艺术观念的影响直接导致艺术题材和内容的扩展。传统艺术题材集中在人物、风景上，而现代艺术中既有工厂、机器，又有战争、性爱。艺术已经深入到一切社会现象、社会生活中去
了。在创作手段上，以前只有画笔、刻刀、刮刀等工具，现在计算机不仅应用于设计，而且频频出现在绘画中。
设计是物质与精神的统一，是实用价值与审美价值的统一，因而技术与艺术是设计存在与发展必不可少的两面。正如人们日常所讲的“物美价廉”，“美”是从审美角度或从艺术性角度而言，“廉”则从实用、功用经济角度而言，所以这样的物品总是让人喜欢。设计与艺术也就像这对关系一样， “设计”能从一定的使用价值、实用价值出发，使人们满足物质欲望。艺术则从审美角度满足人们的审美需求，所以说设计与艺术的结合能从不同角度满足人们的需求。而审美体系当中的造型美、色彩美，肌理美等等都是从艺术的角度而言的，特别是设计产品的外观造型和色彩、图案要符合消费者的审美趣味，从而造成良好的外观形象，产生促销作用。在功能、价值相等或相近的条件下，产品的审美体系会从感情上得到消费者的重视，造成倾向于审美价值较高的一侧的趋势。这就要靠艺术美来彰显某种审美风格去迎合消费者的心理需求。
设计与艺术一样，都离不开想象力。科学也有假设、假证阶段，这种假设、假证其实质是以想象力为前提，只有想象的思维才能激发人们的创造力。设计的思维具有哪些特征呢?首先是科学思维的逻辑性与艺术思维的形象性的有机结合。在设计过程中，没有形象就没有设计，但是设计的形象并非完全是自由的、无目的性的，不像艺术那样可以自由驰骋、天马行空，它必须建立在设计产品内在的合规律性、合目的性的基础之上。因此它离不开逻辑思维的主导，需要以严谨的科学的推理的归纳作为形象设计的规范，因而，在设计中，思维的逻辑性和形象性是密切联系在一起的。它既是理性的又是感性的，既是科学的又是艺术的。
此外，艺术思维在设计过程中具有相对自独立位置。“设计师的主要任务是艺术化的迸型、色彩、装饰等美的形态设计，用科学思纠的方式无法完成艺术设计的任务，必须借助形象思维，即艺术的作用。”在复杂的设计过程中，逻辑思维得到的结果必须用形象思维来基达，它最终仍是形象思维的建构问题，因而岂术思维在设计的过程中不仅自始至终地存在着．而且也是设计思维的主要思维方法。
五、不同设计类型的艺术特点
无论是视觉传达设计、产品设计，还是环境设计，在解决材料、技术、结构、经济问题的同时，还要赋予设计对象以适合的艺术特征。包括符合于功能的二维或三维空间想象，恰当的造型、色彩和肌理，精心处理的主次、统一，以及平衡、对比、比例、节奏、韵律等审美关系，从而确保设计作品先进的技术，优质的功能，良好的审美。
作为视觉传达设计主要领域的广告设计，其艺术特征对于信息的有效传达具有重要意义。广告的主题、思想、信息等要通过艺术的形式表现出来。广告设计运用美学原理，通过文学、美术、摄影、音乐、戏剧、舞蹈等丰富多彩的艺术形式表现广告主题，以其艺术性来增强广告的趣味性、欣赏性。这样既丰富了大众文化生活，给人以美的享受，又增强了广告的感染力，提高了广告效果。
产品设计包括工程技术设计、经济价值设计、艺术设计等内容，艺术设计是其中的一部分，它是设计师在工程技术与美学的基础上，对产品材料、构造、工艺、形态、色彩及表面处理等诸因素进行综合处理，涉及设计对象的实用功能、象征功能、审美功能，以及产品的造型、色彩、装饰等外在形式因素。
当代环境设计的趋势，是在创造室内外环境中高度重视科学性，高度重视艺术性，及其相互的结合。在于人们的生活息息相关的室内环境设计中尤其如此。社会生活和科学技术的进步，人们价值观和审美观的改变促使室内设计必须充分重视并积极运用当代科学技术的成果，包括新型的材料、结构构成和施工工艺，以及创造优质声、光、热环境的设施设备。在重视物质技术手段的同时，高度重视建筑和环境美学原理，重视创造具有表现力
和感染力的室内空间和形象，创造具有艺术文化内涵和视觉审美愉悦的室内环境，使生活在现代社会高科技、高节奏中的人们，在心理上、精神上得到平衡，从而更好的解决现代建筑和室内设计中的高科技和精神需求问题。
六、认识的误区
在设计实践和设计理论中，对于设计和艺术关系的认识常常存在一些误区。
误区之一是为艺术而设计。设计师首先要考虑使用对象各方面的需求，考虑设计的经济和科学技术的特征。否则，设计就成了纸上谈兵或者纯精神性的欣赏品，也就无从谈及设计在商品市场中实现其经济的价值。片面地为艺术而设计，不仅不利于设计的健康发展，使设计走上狭隘的道路，而且会降低设计在整个社会经济发展中的重要作用。
误区之二是为技术而设计。否认物质产品的精神功能，否认设计的艺术特征，把设计仅仅作为纯粹科学技术的一个门类。这就会明显地导致设计的纯技术倾向或者对于技术的追求，造成设计对象的机械、冷漠和单调，弱化设计的情感价值和审美价值。
误区之三是孤立静止地看待设计和艺术的关系。尤其是20世纪以来，艺术和设计都有巨大的变化和发展，设计师必须抛弃以往陈旧的认识，了解当代艺术和设计的发展和变革，不断更新观念，与时俱进，动态地把握二者的关系。
参考文献：
凌继尧。艺术设计十五讲。北京：北京大学出版社，2006
诸葛铠。设计艺术学十讲。济南：山东画报出版社，2006
彭吉象。艺术学概论。北京。北京大学出版社，1994
荆雷。设计概论。石家庄。河北美术出版社。1997
薛保华。设计概论。武汉。华中科技大学出版社，2009
彭泽立。设计概论。长沙。中南大学出版社，2004